Free ebooks ==> http://www.Ebook777.com
Endomorph—Sheldon’s body type characterized by
round, spherical body; love of comfort, sociability.
Endorphins—neurotransmitters similar to the
opiate morphine that relieves pain, and may
induce feelings of pleasure.
Engineering psychologists—psychologists who do
research on how people function best with
machines.
Engrams—memory traces of information one acquires
during life encoded in the brain.
Episodic memories—personal experiences that
become consolidated into our long-term memory
Equipotentiality—theory that any behavior can be
taught to any organism.
Equivalent-form reliability—when two different
versions of a test on the same material are given
and the scores are highly correlated.
Escape behavior—behavior that terminates an
ongoing event; negative reinforcement.
Ethical guidelines—suggested rules for acting
responsibly and morally when conducting
research or in clinical practice.
Ethnocentrism—belief that our culture or social
group is superior to others.
Ethologists—scientists who study animal behavior
and how it has evolved in different species.
Eustress—physiological and emotional arousal that
may be productive and motivating.
Evoked potentials—EEGs resulting from a response
to a specific stimulus presented to the subject.
Evolutionary psychologist—studies how natural
selection favored behaviors that contributed to
survival and spread of our ancestors’ genes; evolu-
tionary psychologists look at universal behaviors
shared by all people.
Excitatory neurotransmitter—chemical secreted at
terminal button that causes the neuron on the
other side of the synapse to generate an action
potential (to fire).
Exhaustion stage—third stage of Selye’s general
adaptation theory when our resistance to illness
decreases and we are susceptible to many stress-
related disorders.
Existential therapies—focus on helping clients find
purpose and meaning in their lives and emphasize
individual freedom and responsibility.
Experiential intelligence—according to Sternberg,
is made up of thinking in different ways, having
insight, and being able to see more than one way
to solve a problem.
Experimental group—in a controlled experiment,
the subgroup of the sample that receives the treat-
ment or independent variable.
Experimenter bias—a phenomenon that occurs when
a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the
outcome of a study influence the results obtained.
Explicit memory (declarative memory)—long-
term memory of facts and experiences we con-
sciously know and can verbalize.
External locus of control— based on Julian Rotter’s
research, the belief that what happens to you is
due to fate, luck, or others.
Extinction—the weakening of a response. In classical
conditioning it’s the removal of the UCS and
in operant conditioning it occurs when the rein-
forcement for the behavior is removed.
Extravert (also extrovert)—originally described by
Jung, a person who exhibits the traits of sociability,
and positive affect, and prefers to pay attention to
the external environment.
Extrinsic motivation—the desire to perform a
behavior for a reward or avoid punishment.
Face validity—a measure of the extent to which
content of a test, on its surface, seems to be mean-
ingfully related to what is being tested.
Factor analysis—a statistical procedure that identi-
fies common factors among groups of items by
determining which variables have a high degree of
correlation.
False consensus bias—the tendency of a person to
perceive his or her own views as representative of
a general consensus.
Feature extraction (pattern recognition)—when
new information comes into sensory storage, we
actively search through long-term memory in an
effort to find a match for these new raw data.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)— a cluster of abnor-
malities that occurs in babies of mothers who
drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy.
Fetus—the developing human organism from about
nine weeks after conception to birth when organ
systems begin to interact, and sex organs and
sense organs become refined.
Fictional final goals—according to Adler’s personal-
ity theory, these direct our behavior and since
largely unattainable need to be modified over time.
Fight-or-flight response—physiological reactions
that help ready us to fight or to flee from a dan-
gerous situation; activation of the sympathetic
nervous system.Glossary ❮ 321