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Scapegoat theory—attributes prejudice to frustra-
tion;when own self worth is in doubt or jeopardy,
we find others to blame.
Schachter–Singer two-factor theory of emotions—
an emotion is inferred from physiological arousal,
and label of that emotion is based on our cogni-
tive explanation for the arousal.
Schema—framework of basic ideas and preconcep-
tions about people, objects, and events based on
past experience in long-term memory.
Schizophrenia—a serious mental disorder charac-
terized by thought disturbances, hallucinations,
anxiety, emotional withdrawal, and delusions.
School psychologists—assess and counsel students,
consult with educators and parents, and perform
behavioral intervention when necessary.
Script—a schema for an event.
Seasonal affective disorder—a mood disorder char-
acterized by depression, lethargy, sleep distur-
bances, and craving for carbohydrates; generally
occurs during the winter, when the amount of
daylight is low, and is sometimes treated with
exposure to bright lights.
Second order conditioning—learning procedure in
which a well-learned conditioned stimulus is
paired with a new neutral stimulus resulting in a
similar conditioned response.
Secondary motives—internal mechanism directing
behavior learned through society as being desired
such as power and wealth.
Secondary reinforcers—stimuli we learn to see as
important because they are connected to primary
reinforcers.
Secondary sex characteristics—the nonreproduc-
tive sexual characteristics including developed
breasts in females; facial hair, Adam’s apple and
deepened voice in males; and pubic hair and
underarm hair in both.
Selective attention—focusing of awareness on a
specific stimulus in sensory memory.
Self-actualization—the realization of our true intel-
lectual and emotional potential (according to
Maslow).
Self archetype—according to Jung, our sense of
wholeness or unity.
Self-awareness—consciousness of oneself as a
person.
Self-concept—our overall view of our abilities,
behavior, and personality or what we know about
ourselves.
Self-efficacy—how competent and able we feel to
accomplish tasks; an expectation of success.
Self-esteem—one part of our self concept or how we
evaluateourselves.
Self-fulfilling prophecy—a tendency to let our
preconceived expectations of others influence
how we treat them and thus evoke those very
expectations.
Self-referent encoding—determining how new
information relates to us personally.
Self-report methods—most common personality
assessment technique, involves person answering a
series of questions such as a personality question-
naire or supplying information about himself/
herself.
Self-serving bias—our tendency to take personal
credit for our achievements and blame failures on
situational factors, to perceive ourselves favorably.
Semantic encoding—information processed for
meaning into short-term memory and long-term
memory.
Semantics—a set of rules we use to derive meaning
from morphemes, words and sentences.
Semantic memories—a type of long-term memory
that includes general knowledge, objective facts,
and vocabulary.
Semantic networks—model of long-term memory
with more irregular and distorted systems than
strict hierarchies, with multiple links from one
concept to others.
Sensorimotor stage—Piaget’s first stage (0-2yrs)
during which the infant experiences the world
through senses and action patterns; progresses
from reflexes, to object permanence and symbolic
thinking.
Sensory memory—primitive, brief type of memory
that holds incoming information just long
enough for further processing.
Sensory receptor—cell typically in sense organs that
initiates action potentials which then travel along
sensory/afferent neurons to the CNS.
Separation anxiety—a set of fearful responses, such
as crying, arousal, and clinging to the caregiver,
that infants exhibit when the caregiver attempts to
leave the infant.
Serial position effect—the tendency to remember
and recall information that comes at the begin-
ning (primacy effect) and at the end of a list of
words (recency effect) more easily than those in
the middle.Glossary ❮ 333