are wrong because they’re only discussed in paragraphs 1 and 2. Choice (C) is too broad; this passage isn’t about the whole
solar system. And (D) is mentioned only in paragraph 3.
J
Paragraph 1 contains the answer to this question. Lines 1–3 tell us that the Galilean moons were the “first objects in the solar
system discovered through the use of the telescope.” Lines 3–6 go on to say that Galileo’s discovery played a central role in a
famous debate about the solar system. You can infer from this that Galileo was one of the first to “make important use of the
telescope”—choice (K). (F) is wrong because Galileo supported Copernicus. (G) and (J) are wrong because accurate
measurements of the moons didn’t come until centuries later. (H) is out because there’s no evidence that Galileo was one of
the first astronomers ever.
40.
E
Lines 4–6 indicate that Galileo supported Copernicus’s famous model of the solar system. This loyalty to an abstract theory is
analogous to a scholar’s defense of an educator (E).
41.
F
This question asks about Ganymede’s light areas—discussed in lines 20–23. How were they formed? We’re told that
“ancient craters dot the dark areas, while the light areas are crisscrossed by ridges and grooves that resulted from more
recent ice flows.” You can infer from this that the light areas were formed later than the dark areas—choice (F). (J) refers to
Callisto, and (K) refers to Io.
42.
C
Paragraph 4 states that current volcanic activity (B) has been observed on Io, as have ponds of molten sulfur (D) and
atmospheric clouds (E). Paragraph 3 says that all four of the moons “probably experienced early, heavy asteroid
bombardment,” choice (A), but no mention is made there or elsewhere of recent asteroid bombardment, so (C) is correct.
43.
H
What’s another way of saying “the most unexpected fact?” “Biggest surprise” would be another possible description—
leading to the first sentence of paragraph 4, where the author expresses big surprise at “the discovery of intense volcanic or
geyser-like activity on Io” (lines 28–29).
44.
D
Passage V is a social studies passage about smallpox, “one of the world’s most dreaded diseases.” Paragraph 1 gives us
some historical background on the disease. Paragraph 2 describes one of the first attempts to protect people against the
disease, a process called variolation. Paragraph 3 details Edward Jenner’s discovery of a superior method—the process of
vaccination. Paragraph 4 tells the story of the WHO’s successful effort to wipe out the disease altogether.
Skimming paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 should indicate that the focus of the passage is on the fight against smallpox, from the ninth
century until the 1970s (D). Choices (A) and (E) are too broad—the passage isn’t about all infectious or viral diseases.
Choices (B) and (C) relate only to paragraphs 2 and 3 respectively.
45.
