(A) Experiment—the most convenient and ethical way to study online bullying is to randomly
assign half of the participants to a group who experiences the independent variable (online
bullying).
(B) Correlation—it would be unethical to purposefully expose middle school students to bullying
behaviors, so Professor Ek should examine variables that correlate with existing instances of
online bullying.
(C) Naturalistic observation—observing instances of online bullying by monitoring middle
school students’ social networking behavior would provide the most accurate data and not
raise important privacy concerns, because social networks are considered “public” space.
(D) Survey—self-reports about online bullying behaviors and responses to these behaviors
would likely provide the most accurate descriptions of bullying and its impact.
(E) Case study—Professor Ek should examine one real example of online bullying in detail
because data and conclusions from this single case would generalize best to the general
population.
A person suffering from a skin rash finds her pain is temporarily relieved by vigorous scratching.
She does not perceive the pain from the rash while she is scratching, but the pain returns soon after
she stops scratching. Which concept best explains this temporary pain relief?
(A) opponent-process theory
(B) amplitude and frequency theories
(C) transduction theory
(D) gustation theory
(E) gate-control theory
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by which of the following processes?
(A) tolerance
(B) dissociation
(C) activation-synthesis
(D) role theory
(E) antagonists- What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning?
(A) Operant conditioning was established well before classical conditioning.
(B) Classical conditioning involves pairing stimuli, and operant conditioning involves pairing a
response with a stimulus.
(C) Operant conditioning is used to train organisms to perform specific acts, and classical
conditioning is used to get organisms to stop performing specific acts.
(D) Classical conditioning is more difficult to use but more effective than operant conditioning.
(E) Operant conditioning involves biological responses, and classical conditioning involves
rewards and punishments.- What is the major difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?