1258 RISE OF THE SULTANS 13691506 TIMURID
The Ottoman Turks
ruled over the Islamic
state and expanded
their empire into
eastern Europe
(shown in green).15161924 OTTOMAN
TAKE A PICTUREThe Dome of the Rock shrine in Jerusalem
was completed in 691 and is the oldest
existing Islamic building in the world.WHO’S WHO?OMuhammad (570-632) He was the
founder of the Islamic religion and the first
Muslim political leader.
OAli ibn Abi (599-661) He was the son-
in-law of Muhammad and became the first
Imam in 656.
OHarun al-Rashid (766-809) The fifth
Abbasid caliph, who was the subject of
the stories The Thousand and One Nights,
also called The Arabian Nights.
OSaladin (1137-1193) A Muslim sultan
(governor) of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and
Palestine, who captured Jerusalem and
defeated the crusaders in 1187.Mongol invaders captured
Baghdad and converted
to Islam, while local rulers,
called sultans, governed
Egypt, Syria,
and Palestine.Timur, a Turkic-Mongol
warrior, conquered the
Islamic lands and one of
his descendants founded
the Mughal Empire in
northern India. QIBLAH Muhammad
instructed Muslims to pray five
times a day, facing the direction,
or qiblah, of the Kaaba in Mecca.
This instrument was used to figure
out the direction (qiblah).HISTORY AND POLITICS KAABA According to Islamic
tradition, this cube-shaped building
in Mecca is said to be the house of
God. Muslims (followers of Islam)
are expected to visit it at least once
in their lifetimes.ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGEMinarets are the
highest points in
the mosque.
Traditionally, a
muezzin calls
everyone to prayer
from the minaret.The Grand
Mosque in Mecca