oldest rocks 9
origin of 1–22
primordial atmosphere 13
rotational axis 10
spin rate 8, 11
structure of 7
earthquake 281g
East African Rift Valley 244
East Pacific Rise 20 , 33, 247,
281g
echidna 235
echinoderms 73, 113, 281g
echinoids 113, 217, 281g
ecliptic 4, 281g
Ediacara Formation, Australia
53, 69
Ediacarans 54 ,51–55, 67, 69,
71, 79, 281g
Eemian interglacial period
260
energy flow 36
Eocene epoch
mammals of 237
eoraptor 181
erratic boulders 94, 151, 273 ,
281g
eskers 94, 274 , 281g
eukaryotes 29, 46 , 36, 281g
Eurasia
formation of 119
eurypterids 87 , 115, 287g
evaporites 140, 141, 193
evolution 47, 281g
exoskeleton 68, 281g
extinction 171–176, 281g
eyes
evolution of 86
F
Fennoscandian ice sheet 261
Fennoscandian Shield 36
fermentation 29
ferns 108, 134 , 146
fish 124–128, 136
development of jaws 125
flagellum 33, 48
flatworms 50, 51
flood basalt volcanism 194m,
194t, 193, 212, 242
Florida
Lawson Limestone 114
Ocala Formation 216
fold belts 252m
foraminifers 30, 32 , 266 , 237,
282g
forests 146–148
fossil fuels 148–151, 282g
Fremont Canyon, Utah 160
fungi 93, 172
fusulinids 30,282g
extinction of 172G
gastroliths 282g
gastropods 217 282g
gavials 163
geologic column 35, 282g
geologic time scale 25t
geologic time spiral 25
geomagnetic field 226
geosyncline 121, 140
giant ground sloths 268
Gibraltar 254
Giganotosaurus 206
ginkgo 220
giraffes 239
gizzard stones 207
glacial deposits 60m, 61m
glacial drift 273
glacial striae 270
glacial till 272
glacial valleys 269glaciation 35, 53, 56,57–60,
90, 122 ,151–154, 156,
169–171, 246,269–275
extinction by 171
Glacier National Park,
Montana 26
glass sponges 48, 72, 129, 131
Glens Ferry Formation, Idaho
77
global warming 225–227
Glossopteris 95, 121 , 147, 153,
120,122, 282g
gold 40
Gondwana 82–84, 84m, 93,
94,101, 102, 119m, 120,
121, 133, 136, 140, 147,
151, 154, 169, 181, 189,
202, 282g
breakup of 228
glaciation of 121, 122m
Gorda Ridge 33
Grand Canyon, Arizona 116 ,
246, 247 , 248
Grand Coulee Dam,
Washington 265
granite 117, 282g
Granulite terranes 100
graptolites 79, 91 , 282g
grasses 221, 241
graywackes 61
Great Barrier Reef, Australia
79, 216
Great Basin 224
Great Bear Lake, Canada 64
Great Salt Lake, Utah 267
Great Slave region, Canada
40, 41
green sulfur bacteria 35
greenhouse effect 93, 282g
Greenland
ice cap 252
Isua Formation 16, 41mIndex