petroleum 149
phosphate 193
photosynthesis 34–36, 285g
phyla 60, 285g
phytosaurs 162, 181
picoplankton 21
Pierce Canyon redbeds, New
Mexico 192
Pikaia 79, 80
Pilbara Craton, Australia 42
pillow lavas 39,40,285g
pinnipeds 241
placer 285g
placoderms 125,285g
placodonts 163
planetesimals 4,5, 6, 285g
planetoids 6
plankton 97
plants 240 , 149 , 222
evolution of 107 , 220
land invasion by 93
platypus 235, 239
Pleistocene epoch 261–263
ice age of 37, 262m
plesiosaurs 163
Pluto 5
podia 73
Potsville series, Arkansas 149
Precambrian period 23
glacial deposits 60m
glaciation 53, 68
rocks of 31
shields 36, 37m
tillites 59
precipitation 286g
Priest Canyon, Colorado 31
primates 241
proalgae 35
prokaryotes 29, 286g
Proterozoic era 45–65
protists 29, 30, 286g
Protoceratops 183, 203
protoearth 6–10
protofish 88
protostomes 51, 55
protozoans 29–34
psilophytes 107
pteridophytes 107
pterobranchs 91
pterodactyls 182, 200
pterosaurs 200–202, 181, 200,
201 , 286g
flight of 202
teeth of 202
wings of 201
Pyrenees 251Q
quartzite 61
Quaternary epoch 256–275R
radiolarians 32, 33 , 99, 100 ,
286g
Ramapithecus 241
Raton Formation, Colorado
222
rays 127
Red Sea 244
redbeds 62, 174, 178 , 192 ,
214, 286g
Regal Mine, Arizona 50
reptiles 135, 146, 154,
160–165, 175 178, 179, 286g
extinction of 174
reproduction 162
respiratory turbinites 187
rhyolite 117
Roberts Mountain Thrust,
Nevada 120
roche moutonnée 272Rocky Mountains, Colorado
223 , 227
rodents 236
Rodinia 51, 52m, 101, 286g
breakup of 64, 66, 118
Rome Formation,Tennessee
67
rudists 112, 113 , 217, 220,
232
rugose corals 112, 104S
Sahara Desert 94
Saipan,Marshall Islands 89 ,
106
San Andr eas Fault, California
101, 247, 249
sand dollars 113
saurischians 184
sauropods 183, 203
Sawatch sandstone, Ute Pass,
Colorado 62
scale trees 108, 109
Scapegoat Mountain, Montana
94
sea cucumbers 90
sea lions 241
seals 241
sea urchins 113, 176
seaweed 105–109
sedimentary rock 286g
seed ferns 108, 146, 151
spores 146
segmented worms 49
Seismosaurus 206
Sevier orogeny 223
Seward Peninsula, Alaska 44
sexual reproduction 46
Seychelles Bank 242
sharks 125,127, 191
teeth of 128Index