224 CHAPTER 9 | The Global Expansion of Homo sapiens and Their Technology
Globalscape
Afghanistan
Cultural landscape and archaeological
remains of the Bamiyan Valley (2003)
Minaret and archaeological remains of
Jam (2002)
Belize
Belize Barrier Reef reserve system
(2009)
Central African Republic
Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National
Park (1997)
Chile
Humberstone and Santa Laura
Saltpeter Works (2005)
Colombia
Los Katíos National Park (2009)
Côte d’Ivoire
Comoé National Park (2003)
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve
(1992)
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Garamba National Park (1996)
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (1997)
Okapi Wildlife Reserve (1997)
Salonga National Park (1999)
Virunga National Park (1994)
Ecuador
Galápagos Islands (2007)Egypt
Abu Mena (2001)
Ethiopia
Simien National Park (1996)
Georgia
Historical Monuments of Mtskheta
(2009)
Guinea
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve
(1992)
India
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1992)
Iran
Bam and its cultural landscape
(2004)
Iraq
Ashur (Qal’at Sherqat) (2003)
Samarra archaeological city (2007)
Jerusalem (site proposed by Jordan)
Old City of Jerusalem and its walls
(1982)
Niger
Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves
(1992)
Pakistan
Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore
(2000)Peru
Chan Chan archaeological zone
(1986)
Philippines
Rice terraces of the Philippine
Cordilleras (2001)
Senegal
Niokolo-Koba National Park (2007)
Serbia
Medieval monuments in Kosovo
(2006)
Tanzania
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and ruins of
Songo Mnara (2004)
Venezuela
Coro and its port (2005)
Yemen
Historic town of Zabid (2000)
Global Twister The listing of endan-
gered sites brings global pressure on a
state to find ways to protect the natural
and cultural heritage contained within
its boundaries. Do you think this method
of global social pressure is effective?a Australian Museum Archives.
http://australianmuseum.net.au/movie/
Why-the-stories-are-told-Aunty-BerylThe conventional wisdom has long been that the first
people migrated into North America over dry land that
connected Siberia to Alaska. This so-called land bridge
was a consequence of the buildup of great continental
glaciers. As these ice masses grew, there was a worldwide
lowering of sea levels, causing an emergence of land in
places like the Bering Strait where seas today are shallow.
Thus Alaska became, in effect, an eastward extension of
Siberia (Figure 9.10). Climatic patterns of the Ice Age
kept this land bridge, known as Beringia or the Bering
Land Bridge, relatively ice free and covered instead with
lichens and mosses that could support herds of grazing
animals. It is possible that Upper Paleolithic peoples
could have come to the Americas simply by following
herd animals. The latest genetic evidence indicates move-
ment took place back and forth across Beringia.
According to geologists, conditions were right for an-
cient humans and herd animals to traverse Beringia be-
tween 11,000 and 25,000 years ago. Though this land bridge
was also open between 40,000 and 75,000 years ago, there is
no evidence that conclusively confirms human migration at
these earlier dates. As with the Sahul, early dates open the
possibility of spread to the Americas by archaic Homo.
Although ancient Siberians did indeed spread east-
ward, it is now clear that their way south was blocked by
massive glaciers until 13,000 years ago at the earliest.^41
By then, people were already living further south in the
Americas. Thus the question of how people first came to
this hemisphere has been reopened. One possibility is that,
like the first Australians, the first Americans may have
come by boat or rafts, perhaps traveling between islands
or ice-free pockets of coastline, from as far away as the
Japanese islands and down North America’s northwestern
coast. Hints of such voyages are provided by a handful of
North American skeletons (such as Kennewick Man) that
bear a closer resemblance to the aboriginal Ainu people of
northern Japan and their forebears than they do to other
Asians or contemporary Native Americans. Unfortunately,
because sea levels were lower than they are today, coastal
sites used by early voyagers would now be under water.
Securely dated objects from Monte Verde, a site in
south-central Chile, place people in southern South Amer-
ica by 12,500 years ago, if not earlier. Assuming the first(^41) Marshall, E. (2001). Preclovis sites fight for acceptance. Science 291, 1732.
These Word Heritage Sites in Danger are indicated with a red dot on the preceding page.