Index 347bipedalism
overview, 144–171
as adaptation, 145, 155–156, 162–166, 170
advantages/disadvantages, 163–167
African origins, 124, 145–146, 148–151, 150 ,
173–174, 213
anatomy, 145, 146 , 146–148, 147 , 148
in Ardipithecus, 145, 148–150
in Australopithecus, 147 , 150 , 150–151, 152
and body heat, 166, 167
and the brain, 166, 180
debates about, 141, 141
development, 130 , 132 , 145
and diet, 180
in H. sapiens, 147
human, 59, 127–128, 163–167
nonhuman, 70–71, 123, 128 , 141
in Orrorin, 141
skulls indicating, 145–147, 148
See also fossils, of bipeds
Birdsell, Joseph, 222
birth, 6, 29, 30 , 46, 89, 146, 164–165,
202, 220
Black, Davidson, 184–185
Black Skull, 153 , 160
blade tools, 196 , 196, 203–205, 213 , 213, 215,
230–231, 246
Blakey, Michael, 11
Blok, Anton, 21
blood types, 35, 38–39, 285–286, 288–289, 294
Blumenbach, Johann, 278
Boas, Franz, 9, 17 , 17, 280, 301 , 301–302
Boaz, Noel T., 178
Boehm, Christopher, 91
Boesch, Christophe, 179
Bogdanos, Matthew, 270
Bohannon site, 108
Bolivia, 14
bone flutes, 198, 199 , 216
bonobos
communication, 89
conflict resolution among, 80
culture, 95–96
DNA, 60
grooming, 83–84
habitat, 73, 124
human rights accorded to, 95
hunting behavior, 94, 177
hunting of, 52
learning, 88–89, 91, 91
lineages, 71
reconciliation among, 82 , 82–83
as related to humans, 53, 60, 137
sexual behavior, 82 , 84
social organization, 79, 81
taxonomies, 59
tool making/use, 93, 163
See also ape-human comparisons
Boule, Marcellin, 193
Bourgois, Philippe, 12
bow and arrow, 215, 231
brachiation, 66, 70 , 70–71
Brain, C. K., 178, 187–188
brains
Aegyptopithecus, 134, 136, 140
archaeological investigation of, 101, 112
Australopithecus, 157, 179
and bipedalism, 166, 180
brain death, 8
brain surgery, 8
development, 6, 128, 133, 174, 179–180
and diet, 179–180
and diurnal activity, 62
genus Homo, 173
H. erectus, 179, 181–182, 194
H. habilis, 179, 194, 212, 294
H. sapiens, 191–192, 205, 207 , 212–213, 215
and language, 175, 180, 189 , 189, 190
metabolism, 226pesticide effects in, 319
plant domestication in, 237, 238 , 241, 244
population growth in, 316
prosimians in, 58 , 58–59
racial theories regarding, 278, 281
skin color in, 293
tool making in, 186, 191, 195–196
in the Upper Paleolithic, 215
atlatl (spear thrower), 203, 214 , 214–215
Aurignacian tools, 210, 211
Australia
Aboriginal people of, 198, 205, 209–210,
221–223, 233, 295 , 296
cafe/rock art, 216 , 216–218, 217 , 222
earliest populations, 296
landmass, 221–222
tool making in, 203
Willandra Lakes site, 222
Australopithecus
ancestors, 145
and apes, 154
as biped, 147 , 150 , 150–151, 152
brains, 157, 179
controversy, 158
cranium, 158, 167, 178
and Homo genus, 152, 153 , 161 , 161–163, 162
as human ancestor, 140 , 147 , 151–152
robust vs gracile, 160
skull, 157
teeth, 157
tools predated by, 163
vocal tract, 189
Australopithecus aethiopicus, 160, 161 , 162
Australopithecus afarensis, 112 , 153 , 154 ,
154–162, 161 , 162 , 208
Australopithecus africanus, 150, 153 , 159, 161 , 162
Australopithecus anamensis, 152, 153 , 157,
161 , 162
Australopithecus bahrelghazali, 153 , 158
Australopithecus boisei, 153 , 160, 161 , 162 , 167
Australopithecus garhi, 153 , 161 , 162, 162 , 208
Australopithecus robustus, 153 , 159–162, 160 ,
167, 169
avian flu, 245, 274
Awash River sites, 148–149, 152 , 175
Aztec culture, 165 , 242, 263
baboons, 69, 74, 78–79, 79 , 85 , 88, 94, 140 , 164
Bamiyan cave site, 98
Barrow, Alaska, 103–105
Bass, George, 106
The Bell Curve (Herrnstein & Murray), 286
Benga, Ota, 279 , 279–280
Berger, Lee, 178
Bergmann’s rule, 304 , 304–305
Bilzingsleben site, 189–190
Binford, Lewis, 179
bioarchaeology, 15, 113
biocultural anthropology, 8, 37
Biocultural Connections, boxed features
beans, enzymes, and malaria, 292
breastfeeding, fertility, and beliefs, 243
evolution and birth, 165
female paleoanthropologists, 176–177
genetics and reproduction, 36 , 37
Ida, 135
Kennewick Man, 115
orangutan behavior, 86
organ transplantation, 8
Paleolithic diet benefits, 226
pesticides, 319
red as a potent color, 63
swine-borne diseases, 274
biological anthropology, 113, 280, 302, 306–307
See also adaptation; evolution; molecular
anthropology; paleoanthropology; physical
anthropology; primatology
biological diversity, 7, 50, 129, 288–292
biomedical research, 72, 74, 76, 95, 300Anthropology Applied, boxed features
Congo Heartland Project, 73–74
coping with infertility, 44–45
cultural resource management, 108–109
forensic anthropology, 10
Iraqi/Afghan cultural heritage, 270–271
rainforest fertility, 240
stone tools for modern surgeons, 196 , 196
apartheid, 19
See also racism
ape-human comparisons
anatomy, 32
behavior, 95–96
chromosomes, 60, 124
common ancestors, 8–9
DNA, 59
genetics, 40–41
rape, 87
regulatory genes, 125
skeletons, 154
apes
African, 8, 59, 141, 149
ape-Australopithecus comparisons, 154
characteristics of, 61
great and small, 70–71
humanity of, 55
knuckle walking, 70
See also baboons; bonobos; Egyptian apes;
gorillas; humans; Miocene apes; monkeys;
primates; siamangs
applied anthropology, 7
See also Anthropology Applied, boxed features
Arago site, 190
arboreal hypothesis, 132
arboreal primates. See primates, arboreal
archaeology
action, 260–262
as anthropology field, 7
chance in, 119–120
evidence in, 110 , 110–114, 111
excavation in, 107–110
field methods of, 99–120
fields of, 14–16
goals of, 100
regulatory, 108–109
underwater, 106
See also artifacts; fossils; sites (archaeological)
archaic cultures, 230–231
archaic Homo sapiens, 191–192
Ardipithecus kadabba, 148, 153
Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi), 144 , 144, 148 ,
148–150, 149, 161 , 163, 166, 208
Armelagos, George, 226, 250
Army Corps of Engineers (U.S.), 16, 115
Arnhem Land study, 20
Arsuaga, Juan Luis, 102
art. See cave art; rock art
artifacts
defined, 100
analysis, 103–104, 111–112
in cross-cultural studies, 21
dating, 114–118
earliest known, 173
and fire, 187
Neolithic, 244
sites identified by, 105–111
symbolic, 189, 226
See also archaeology
Asfaw, Berhane, 208
Asia
animal domestication, 236
burials in, 197
food production, 229
genus Homo in, 186, 204, 212
H. erectus in, 181, 183–184
and human origins debate, 208
Miocene apes in, 123
Neandertals in, 173
Old World monkeys in, 6912196_IND_p346-356.indd 34712196_IND_p346-356.indd 347 2/4/10 12:28:59 PM2/4/10 12:28:59 PM