Index 349environmental determinism, 234–235
environmental diversity, 236
environmental impact on development/
evolution, 86, 123, 225, 287–288, 288
environmental pollution, 272
environmental protection, 16
environmental stability/instability, 235, 248
environmental stressors, 292, 299–305, 303 , 304
enzymes, 35, 42, 105, 291–292, 295
Eocene epoch, 123, 131 , 133 , 134
Eosimias primates, 134
epicanthic eye fold, 290 , 290
Eskimos, 225, 305
See also Inuit culture; Inupiaq culture
estrus, 84
ethical issues, 18, 54–56, 95–96, 114, 280,
315, 316
See also codes of ethics
Ethiopia, 103, 112, 139–140, 148, 152–155, 153 ,
162, 168, 203, 207–208
See also Afar region; Dikika site; Gona site;
Herto specimens
ethnicity, 24, 283
ethnocentrism
defined, 5
in ideas of progress, 250
in medical anthropology, 306
in paleoanthropology, 150
racist, 17, 278–280
ethnography
data provided by, 12–13
ethnography/ethnology
See also cross-cultural studies
ethnology, 12–13
eugenics movement, 114
Eurasia
art in, 203
Bronze Age in, 273
civilization in, 253, 255
continental drift of, 130 , 132, 136–137, 152
H. erectus in, 173, 181 , 183–184
Homo genus in, 181 , 181, 182 , 211
Ice Age in, 205
Miocene apes in, 136–138
Neolithic culture in, 255
primates in, 132, 181
tool making in, 203, 225
Europe
burials in, 197
disease in, 271–274
early human populations, 204
ecological imperialism in, 261
environmental protection in, 107
H. erectus in, 180–181, 185–186, 190, 202
H. sapiens in, 190
Homo genus in, 181
and human origins debate, 208
Miocene apes in, 123
Neandertals in, 173
tool making in, 186, 191, 195–196
in the Upper Paleolithic, 215, 217
See also gender; social class/stratification
European wood ape, 137
Eve hypotheses, 138–139, 206–207
evolution
defined, 41
overview, 27–50
ancestral characteristics in, 127
convergent, 127
derived characteristics in, 127
discovery of, 31–33
and disease, 313–314, 314
forces of, 27–28, 42–47
genetics and, 27–50
and human birth, 165
macroevolution, 123–141
and race, 212–213
and reconciliation behavior, 83
relationships in, 127prion, 314–315
and science, 307–312
and sedentary life styles, 229, 242
skeletal evidence of, 268–269
and skin color, 293, 294
swine-borne, 245, 250 , 274
symptoms of, 312–313
See also HIV/AIDS
diurnal animals, 57–58, 64–66, 124, 135
Dmanisi site, 181, 183–185
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
overview, 33–37
and the African Burial Ground Project, 280
and the African origins hypothesis, 206
in ape-human comparisons, 59–60
double helix model, 33, 34 , 37
extraction, 95
in human origins debate, 209
and human variation, 278, 287
interspecies comparisons, 40–41, 60
Kennewick Man controversy, 115
location, 34
mitochondrial, 206 , 206–207, 210, 225
mutations in, 42
preservation, 113
See also genes; genetic base pairs
doctrine, defined, 17–18
dolphins, 78
domestication
defined, 232
of animals, 234, 236 , 236–239, 249, 250 , 255
and disease, 244–245, 249, 250
in early civilizations, 255
interspecies, 232
of plants, 229, 232–234, 233 , 237 , 238 , 239 ,
249–250
See also agriculture; farming
dominance hierarchies, 81
dominance in alleles, 39, 41
Domino Effect, 84
Donis, Ruben, 245
Down syndrome, 37, 310–311
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 151
Drayton, H. S., 285
Dryopithecus, 138, 138
Dubois, Eugène, 180, 184
Dupain, Jef, 73
Durkheim, Emile, 40
Eaton, Boyd, 226
ecofact, 100
ecological niches, 64, 127 , 131
ecological remains, 100
ecological theories, 269–270
ecology
defined, 260–261, 314
diversity in, 269
ecological imperialism, 261
of food production, 234, 236, 239
political, 314–315
of primates, 55, 80, 87, 178
of rainforest destruction, 240
reproductive, 302–303
in state development, 269–271
ecosystems, 77, 129, 132, 179, 260
ecotourism, 55–56
Egypt, 110–111, 111 , 114, 255, 266, 268
Egyptian apes, 134, 136, 140
El Pilar (Belize), 256–260
electron spin resonance, 116 , 119
elephants, 31, 78, 188
Ellison, Peter, 302 , 303
empirical science, 16
endemic diseases, 308
endocasts, 112
entopic phenomena, 217
environmental adaptation, 9, 43, 125, 299–305
environmental destruction, 316
See also deforestationculture-bound theories, 6, 18, 164, 175–177,
220, 264
culture(s)
defined, 8, 11, 83, 313
origins overview, 172–200
and adaptation, 48, 170
archaic, 230–231
and artifacts, 105–107
and bioarchaeology, 113
and biological diversity, 290
and change, 262–269
and disease, 290–292
diversity in, 5
dominance of, 17, 269
of early humans, 100
evolution via, 66, 174
and excavation, 105, 109–111
and fertility, 44–45
of H. sapiens, overview, 203–227
language in, 13–14
as learned, 95–96
male dominance in, 14
material, 100–101, 105, 119–120
medicine influenced by, 306–314
in primates, 8, 77–78, 83, 95–96
and race, 278, 282–284
stressors modified by, 305–306
cuneiform, 267
Cuvier, Georges, 31
Dart, Raymond, 150, 152, 158–159, 163, 178
Darwin, Charles, 32–33, 45, 122, 124–127, 273
See also evolution; On the Origin of the Species
Darwinius masillae, 122
dating methods, 114–119, 138–139, 160
datum point, 107
Dawson, Charles, 150–151
de Waal, Frans, 50, 82–83
Declaration on Great Apes, 95
Deetz, James, 15
deforestation, 240, 317
See also environmental destruction
demographics, 68
dendrochronology, 116 , 118
dental formulas, 60 , 60–61, 67–69, 134, 136
See also teeth
derived characteristics, 127
descent (evolutionary), 27
DeSilva, Jeremy, 155–156
Dettwyler, Katherine, 310–311
developmental adaptation, 301
DeVore, Irven, 196
diabetes, 226, 290–292, 291 , 317–318
dialects, 90
See also language
Diamond, Jared, 232–233
diastema, 157
Dikika site, 112, 155
dinosaurs, 128, 130 , 132 , 132, 133
disease
defined, 307
adaptation to, 271–272
Chagas, 273
in cities, 271–273
civilization’s role in, 226, 271–273, 312
colonialism’s role in, 273
and culture, 290–292
from domesticated animals, 245, 249, 250 , 274
endemic, 271–274
and evolution, 313–314, 314
and farming, 226, 248, 273, 300
genes’ roles in, 270–271, 290–292
infectious, 313–314
mad cow, 95, 314–315
and mortality, 248–249
and mutation, 274, 313
among Native Americans, 248
in Neolithic villages, 228
political ecology of, 314–31512196_IND_p346-356.indd 34912196_IND_p346-356.indd 349 2/4/10 12:29:00 PM2/4/10 12:29:00 PM