CHAPTER
1
Key Terms
Abdominopelvic cavity......... 5 Horizontal................. 5.. Posterior.............. 5.....
Anatomy.............. .. 3.... Inferior.................... 5.. Protoplasm........... .. 6.....
Anterior.................. 5.. Integumentary system......... 7 Proximal................. .. 5..
Cardiovascular system....... 10. Lateral................ .. 5... Reproductive. system..... .. 12..
Caudal.................. 5... Lymphatic. system............ 11 Respiratory system......... 11.
Cephalad................ 5... Medial.................. 5... .Sagittal............... 5.....
Connective................ 6.. Mediastinum................ 5 Skeletal system............ .. 7.
Coronal.............. 5... Midsagittal.............. .. 5... .Spinal. cavity............ 5....
Cranial................... 5... Muscle.................... 6.. Superior................. .. 5..
Cranial cavity............ .. 5.. Muscular system............. 7. Thoracic cavity.......... .. 5...
Digestive system............ 11. Nervous system........... 7... Transverse................. 5..
Distal.............. (^).. .. 5.... Nervous. tissue............... 6. Urinary system........... 12...
Dorsal................... 5... Parietal............. .. 5... .Ventral................... ... 5..
Endocrine system......... 10 .. Pathology............ .. 4... Viscera.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5
Epithelial................... 6. Pericardial cavity.......... (^).. 5. Visceral.............. .. 5.....
Frontal.................... 5.. Physiology.................. 3.
Homeostasis............. 13... Pleural cavities......... .. 5....
Introduction
Interest in the human body and how it functions probably
developed when our ancestors began to think about the
reasons why people became ill and died. All earlier cultures
had someone designated as a healer who was responsible
for finding plants and herbs that cured body disorders. This
healer also was responsible for praying or invoking the as-
sistance of past ancestors to help in the healing process.
As cultures developed and science began to evolve,
interest in and knowledge about the human body ad-
vanced. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), an Italian, was
the first to correctly illustrate the human skeleton with
all of its bones. The Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius
(1514–1564) wrote a book on the human body, and the
English anatomist William Harvey (1578–1657) discov-
ered how blood circulates through the body. These are just
a few of the many contributors who added to our un-
derstanding of the human body and how it functions.
Anatomy is the study of the structure or -morphology of
the body and how the body parts are organized. -Physiology
is the study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and
how they do it. These two areas of the organization of the
body are so closely associated that it is difficult to separate
them. For example, our mouth has teeth to break down food
mechanically, a tongue that tastes the food and