Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

380 Chapter 16

Body wall

Peritoneal membrane

Mesentery

Serosa

(4)

Submucosa

(2)

Duct from

external

exocrine gland

Figure 16- 2 The tunics, or coats, of the alimentary
tract.

(^)
Upper lip^
Gum (gingiva) Labial frenum (^)
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
(^)
(^) Palatine tonsil
Sublingual
(^) Dorsum of the (^)
tongue^
surface of (^) Lingual frenum
the tongue
(^) ®^
(^) Gum (gingiva) Learning (^)
Cengage
(^)
Lower lip
(^) Labial frenum
©^
Figure 16- 3 The anatomy of the tongue and oral
cavity.
Muscularis
(3)
Mucosa^
(1)
Lumen

®

Myenteric plexus

Learning^

(Auerbach's) Cengage^

©

The Salivary Glands

The major portion of saliva is secreted by the large sali-

vary glands (Figure 16-5). The mucous membrane lin-ing

of the mouth contains many small glands, called the

buccal (BUCK-ull) glands, which secrete small amounts

of saliva. The large salivary glands are found outside the

oral cavity and pour their secretions into ducts that empty

into the mouth. The three pairs of salivary glands are the

parotid (pah-ROT-id) gland, the submandibular (sub-

man-DIB-yoo-lar) or submaxillary (sub-MACK-sih-

lair-ee) gland, and the sublingual (sub-LING-gwall)

gland.

Saliva is 99.5% water, which provides a medium for

dissolving foods. The remaining 0.5% consists of the fol-

lowing solutes:

■■ Chlorides activate the salivary enzyme amylase (AM-

ih-lays).^

■■ Amylase initiates the breakdown of complex carbohy-

drates like starch and glycogen into simple sugars.