shouldwishtogiveoutmoneysothatelephantscanbegiven
LSD.
Sincetheseexperimentsarepaidforbygovernmentagencies,
itishardlynecessarytoaddthatthereisnolawthatprevents
the scientist from carrying them out. There are laws that
preventordinarypeoplefrombeatingtheirdogstodeath,but
in theUnited Statesscientistscan dothe samethingwith
impunity,andwithnoonetocheckwhethertheirdoingsois
likely to lead to benefits that would not occur from an
ordinarybeating.Thereasonforthisisthatthestrengthand
prestige of the scientific establishment, supported by the
various interest groups—including those
who breed animals for sale to laboratories—have been
sufficient to stop attempts at effective legal control.
Robert J. White of the Cleveland Metropolitan General
Hospital is an experimenter who has specialized in
transplanting the heads of monkeys and keeping these
monkey heads alive in fluid after they have been totally
detachedfromtheirbodies. Heisa perfectexampleofthe
scientist who thinks of a laboratory animalas a “tool for
research”—infacthehashimselfsaidthatthemainpurpose
ofhisworkondecapitatedmonkeyheadsis“toofferaliving
laboratory tool” for researchon the brain.Thereporter to
whom he made this statement found the visit to White’s
laboratory“arareandchillingglimpseintothecold,clinical
world ofthe scientist, where thelife ofan animal has no
meaning beyond the immediate purpose of
experimentation.”^105
In White’s view, “the inclusion of animals in our ethical
system is philosophically meaningless and operationally