forsport,to satisfytheircuriosity,to beautifytheirbodies,
andtopleasetheirpalates.Humanbeingsalsokillmembers
oftheirownspeciesforgreedorpower.Moreover, human
beingsarenotcontentwithmerekilling.Throughouthistory
theyhaveshownatendencytotormentandtortureboththeir
fellowhumanbeingsandtheirfellowanimalsbeforeputting
themtodeath.Nootheranimalshowsmuchinterestindoing
this.
Whileweoverlookourownsavagery,weexaggeratethatof
otheranimals.Thenotoriouswolfforinstance,villainofso
many
folk tales,has beenshownby thecarefulinvestigations of
zoologistsinthewildtobeahighlysocialanimal,afaithful
andaffectionatespouse—notjustforaseason,butforlife—a
devoted parent, and a loyal member of the pack. Wolves
almostneverkillanythingexceptto eatit.Ifmales should
fight among themselves, the fight ends with a gesture of
submission in which theloser offers to his conqueror the
undersideofhisneck—themostvulnerablepartofhisbody.
Withhisfangsonlyaninchawayfromthejugularveinofhis
foe,thevictorwillbecontentwithsubmission,and,unlikea
human conqueror, does not kill the vanquished opponent.^12
In keeping with our picture of the world of animals as a
bloodysceneofcombat,weignoretheextenttowhichother
speciesexhibitacomplexsociallife,recognizingandrelating
toothermembersoftheirspeciesasindividuals.Whenhuman
beings marry,we attributetheir closeness toeach otherto
love,andwefeelkeenlyforahumanbeingwhohaslosthis
orherspouse.Whenotheranimalspairforlife,wesaythatit
is just instinct that makesthem do so, and if a hunter or
trapperkillsorcapturesananimalforresearchorforazoo,