Peter Singer-Animal Liberation

experimentshavebeenbrought to ahalt. Thefirst success
wasachievedin1977,whenacampaignledbyHenrySpira
persuadedtheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistorytostopa
pointlessseriesofexperimentsthatinvolvedmutilatingcats
inordertoinvestigatetheeffectthishadontheirsexlives.^43
In 1981 came exposure by theAnimal Liberation activist
Alex Pacheco of the appalling conditions of seventeen
monkeysatEdwardTaub’sInstituteforBehavioralResearch,
inSilverSprings,Maryland.TheNationalInstitutesofHealth
cut off Taub’s funding, and Taub becamethe first in the
United States to be convicted of cruelty—although the
convictionwas later reversedon the technical ground that
animal experimenters receivingfederal tax funding do not
haveto obey state anticruelty laws.^44 Meanwhilethe case
gavenationalprominencetoafledglinggroupcalledPeople
for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which in 1984 led
efforts to stop Dr. Thomas Gennarelli’s head injury
experimentsonmonkeysattheUniversityofPennsylvania.
Theseeffortsweretriggered byextraordinaryvideotapes of
animal abuse, shot by the experimenters themselves and
stolenfromthelaboratoryinanightraidcarriedoutbythe
Animal Liberation Front. Gennarelli’s grant was
withdrawn.^45 In1988,after monthsof picketingbyTrans-
SpeciesUnlimited,aresearcheratCornellUniversitygaveup
a$530,000granttostudybarbiturateaddictionusingcats.^46
Aroundthe sametime Benetton, theItalianfashion chain,
announcedthat itwouldnolongerperformsafetytests for
newcosmeticsandtoiletriesonanimals.Benettonhadbeen
thetargetofaninternationalcampaign,coordinatedbyPeople
fortheEthicalTreatmentofAnimals,thatinvolvedAnimal
Liberationists in seven countries. Noxell Corporation, an
Americancosmeticsmanufacturer,hadnotbeentheobjectof
such a campaign;but it madeits own decisionto rely on