experimentersthengoontocite workdonein 1933,1935,
and other years up to 1985.^30
Thefollowingexperimentissimplyanattempttoshowthat
resultsalreadyknowntooccurinhumansalsoapplytomice:
CurtSpanisandLarrySquireoftheUniversityofCalifornia,
San Diego, used two different types of shock in one
experiment designed to examine how “electroconvulsive
shock”affectsmemoryinmice.Themicewereplacedinthe
lightcompartmentofachamberwithtwocompartments,the
otheronebeingdark.Whenthemicecrossedoverfromthe
lightcompartment to thedark compartment theirfeetwere
givenanelectricshock.After “training,”themicereceived
“electroconvulsive shock treatment ... administered four
timesat1-hourintervals...[and]seizuresoccurredineach
case.” The electroconvulsive shock treatment caused
retrogradeamnesia,which lastedatleasttwenty-eightdays.
SpanisandSquireconcludedthatthiswasthecasebecause
themicedid notrememberto avoidcrossing overintothe
dark compartment, which caused them to receive electric
shocks. Spanis and Squire noted that their findings were
“consistent”with findingsthat Squirehad already madein
studiesbasedonpsychiatricpatients.Theyacknowledgedthat
the results of the experiment “cannot strongly support or
reject” ideas about memory loss because of the “high
variabilityofthescoresinthevariousgroups.”Nevertheless,
they claim: “These findings extend the parallel between
experimental amnesia in laboratory animals and human
amnesia.”^31
InasimilarexperimentJ.PatelandB.Migler,workingatICI
Americas, Inc., in Wilmington, Delaware, trained squirrel
monkeystopressalevertoobtainfoodpellets.Themonkeys