of NTD.
All women should take 0.4 mg of folic acid.Congenital heart disease (CHD) (1% of births): The majority of isolated
CHD are multifactorial with an overall recurrence risk of 2%. However, the
specific recurrence risk depends on the defect and family history details. It is
important to distinguish isolated defects from those that are part of a
syndrome with a higher recurrence risk. Preconception folate reduces the risk
of congenital CHD, as well as NTD.
Cleft lip and palate (1 per 1,000 births): The risk of cleft lip in a second
child of unaffected parents is 4%. If two children are affected, the risk of the
third child being affected is 10%.
Pyloric stenosis (more common in males): The risk of the condition in the
offspring of an affected parent is much greater if that parent is female.