Ta ble I.1 Effective bio agents for the control of major diseases in spice crops
Crops Major diseases Causal organisms Bio control agents
Cardamom (small) Azhukal Phytophthora meadii, Trichoderma viride
P. nicotianae var. T. harzianum
nicotianae Laetisaria arvalis
Rhizome rot Rhizoctonia solani, Gliocladium virens
Pythium vexans Arbiscular Mycorhizal
Fungi (AMF)
Seed rot Fusarium oxysporum Trichoderma sp.
Seedling rot R. solani, P. vexans Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Root rot F. oxysporum Bacillus subtilis
Black pepper Foot rot Phytophthora capsici AMF
(quick wilt) T. viride, T. harzianum,
Gliocladium virens
Paecilomyces lilacinus
Slow decline Rodophilus similies, G. virens, T. viride
(slow wilt) Meloidogyne incognita T. harzianum, AMF
Verticillum,
Chlamydosporium sp.
Pasteuria penetrans
Vanilla Root rot Fusarium oxysporum, T. viride, T. harzianum
Sclerotium rolfsi
Stem rot, stem P. meadii, F. oxysporum B. subtilis
blight, beans rot, Sclerotium rolfsii P. fluorescens
beans yellowing F. oxysporum, T. viride
and rotting shoot Colletotrichum T. harzianum
tip rot gloeosporioides P. fluorescens
Ginger Soft rot Pythium T. viride
(rhizome rot) aphanidermatum, T. harzianum
P. myriotylum,
Ginger yellows Fusarium sp. Trichoderma sp.
Turmeric Rhizome rot Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma sp.
Storage rots Sclerotium rolfsii
Chillies, Damping off in Pythium sp., T. viride
Paprikas seedlings Phytophthora sp. T. harzianum
P. fluorescens
Anthracnose Colletotrichum B. subtilis
(fruit rot) lindemuthianum P. fluorescens
B. subtilis
Trichoderma sp.
Thyme Wilt disease F. oxysporum T. viride
Leaf rot F. oxysporum T. harzianum
Rosemary Thread blight Rhizoctonia solani T. harzianum
Sage Wilt R. solani T. harzianum
Mint Wilt F. oxysporum T. harzianum
Horse-radish Leaf blight Colletotrichum sp. T. harzianum
Root rot, wilt Verticillium sp. T. harzianum
Burmese-coriander Wilt Fusarium sp. T. harzianum
Marjoram Leaf blight Colletotrichum sp. T. harzianum
Leaf spot Phoma sp. T. harzianum
Oregano Leaf spot Curvularia lunata T. harzianum
xx Introduction