Detecting and controlling mycotoxin contamination of herbs and spices 25
A. niger Ochratoxin A Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
A. sydowii Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
Cladosporium sp. Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
Mycospharella sp. Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
E. amstelodami Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
E. chevalieri Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
E. rubrum Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
P. c h rysogenum Roquefortine C Abdel-Hafez and El Said,
1997
Tilio Alternaria sp. Abou-Arab et al., 1999
A. crothecium Abou-Arab et al., 1999
A. flavus Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Cyclopiazonic
acid
3-nitropropionic
acid
A. niger Ochratoxin A Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Penicillium spp. Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Rhizoctonia sp. Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Turmeric A. flavus Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 Geeta and Kulkarni, 1987
Cyclopiazonic
acid
3-nitropropionic
acid
A. parasiticus Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , Geeta and Kulkarni, 1987
G 1 , G 2
A. niger Ochratoxin A Geeta and Kulkarni, 1987
Eurotium spp. Flannigan and Hui, 1976
(A. glaucus gr)
Mucor sp. 15 Geeta and Kulkarni, 1987
a: adapted from Frisvad and Thrane, (2002).
Ta ble 1.8 Continued
Spices Mycobiota Incidence Mycotoxins References
and (%) produced by
herbs moulds according
to the literaturea
homogenised, from which a sub-sample is taken (approximately 100 g). In checking
all the factors associated with the variability of mycotoxin results, it was found that
the contribution of sampling is the greatest single source of error (Ahmed, 2000).
Specially, for products like peanuts where the aflatoxin distribution is not homogeneous,
the variability associated to the test procedures (sampling, sample preparation and
analysis) can cause misclassification (Adams and Whitaker, 2004). On the other
hand, in a study on sampling wheat for deoxynivalenol, even with the use of a small
sample size (0.454 kg), the sampling variation was not the largest source of error as
found in other mycotoxin test procedures (Whitaker et al., 2002). Therefore, whether
the particle size or the mycotoxin distribution in the particle is homogeneous or not
does not affect the variability in the sampling stage in wheat (Whitaker et al., 2002).
The levels of mycotoxin are regulated in several countries by set maximum