INDEX I7
Royal Society for Protection of Birds, 262
r-selected species, 112, 112 f
Runoff, 176
Sacramento Valley, 266b
Safi na, Carl, 259
Sahara Desert, 140, 140f
Saint Lawrence Seaway, 269
Salinity, 58, 163
Salmon, 270
Salt marsh, 166, 167f
Saltwater life zones, 163
Sample size, 34b
Sand County Almanac (Leopold), 22b
Sandy shores, 168
Savanna, 150, 151f
Scenic rivers, 271
Science, 29
limitations of, 34–35
and media reporting, 33b
results of, 33–34
Science Focus
bats, ecological roles of, 192b
carp as invasive species, 253b
changing genetic traits of populations, 88b
conditions for life on earth, 86b
desert life, 148b
Easter Island, 31b
ecological succession of species, 118b
elephants, protecting using DNA, 191b
Endangered Species Act, U.S., 209b
extinction rate, estimating, 188b
forest fragmentation and old-growth t
rees, 195b
gray wolves, Yellowstone National Park, 235b
human population growth, 124b
importance of insects, 54b
kelp forests, 104b
mangrove forests, protection and restoration
of, 255b
microbes, 61b
models and systems, 44b
scientifi c consensus on global warming, 33b
southern sea otters, 110b
species richness on islands, 90b
statistics and probability, 34b
sustainably grown timber, 228b
tropical dry forest restoration in Costa
Rica, 242b
value of ecosystems’ ecological services, 218b
vultures, wild dogs, and rabies, 197b
water’s unique properties, 67b
Scientifi c Certifi cation Systems, 228b
Scientifi c hypothesis, 30
vs. theory, 32
Scientifi c law, 32
Scientifi c principles of sustainability, 23–24, 23f,
24, 46, 47, 60, 65, 74
Scientifi c process, 29–32, 30f
features of, 31
Scientifi c reasoning, imagination,
and creativity, 32
Scientifi c testing, 33
Scientifi c theory, 31, 32
vs. hypothesis, 32
Scientifi c theories and laws, 32–33
Sea anemone (mutualism), 106f
Seagrass beds, 166
Sea lampreys (parasitism), 105f, 269
Seasonal wetlands, 178
Sea stars (Piaster orchaceus), 95
Sea urchins, as threat to kelp forests, 104b
Secondary consumers, 59
Secondary ecological succession, 115,117, 117f
Second law of thermodynamics, 43, 43 f,56, 60
Second-growth forest, 216
Seed banks, 208–9
Selective breeding, 88b
Selective cutting, 219, 219f
Sharks, protection of, 96–97
Short-grass prairies, 150
Simple carbohydrates, 38
Single-variable analysis, 28
Slash, 227
Smith, Amy, 229
Smokey Bear campaign, 227
Snake River, 270
Social capital, 20 –21
Socolow, Robert, 70
Solar capital, 9, 56 f
Solar energy, 23, 23f,56–57
Soulé, Michael, 190
Source zone (surface water), 176
Southern sea otters, 100, 104b, 110 b, 119
Specialist species, 91f, 92
Speciation, 86
biodiversity and, 86
Species,7, 51, 80–84
endemic, 87
evolution of new, 86–87
extinction and, 87–89, 87f,183–211
foundation, 92, 95 –96
generalist, 91, 91 f
indicator, 92, 93
interactions, 101–6
introduced, 197–201
invasive, 92, 197–201, 252, 252f, 253 b,
269–70
keystone, 92, 95 –96
native, 92
natural selection and, 80
nonnative, 92 –93
prone to extinction, 188f
protection of wild, 206–11
richness of, on islands, 90b
roles in ecosystems, 91–97
shared resources and, 107–8
specialist, 91f, 92
threatened, 186, 189f
as vital part of natural capital, 189–91
Species diversity, 79, 89 –91, 224
Species equilibrium model, 90 b
Species evenness, 89, 89 f
Species-rich ecosystems, 90–91
Species richness, 89, 89 f
Stable population size, 113
Standing (lentic) freshwater life zones, 174
Statistics, 34b, 35
Stewardship worldview, 20
Stored energy, 40
Stratosphere, 54
Streams and rivers, 176–78
Strip cutting, 219, 219f
Subatomic particles, 36
Subsidies
natural capital and, 20
overfi shing and, 264
Succulent plants, 148b
Sulfur cycle, 70 –71, 72f
Sumaila, U. R., 264Surface fi res, 220, 220f
Surface runoff, 65
Surface water, 176 –79, 176f
Sustainability, 8 –10
adaptation and, 85
American alligator and, 97
biodiversity and, 80, 119
climate change, catastrophes and, 85
constant change and, 118–19
coral reefs and, 180
energy fl ow and, 60
ethical obligation to protect species and, 192
exponential growth and, 5, 24
forest management and, 227, 227f
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and, 47
human activities and, 46–47, 124b
individuals and, 9
interactions among species and, 100, 101, 119
limits to population growth and, 58, 109,
119, 124b
Nile perch in Lake Victoria and, 249, 253, 272
nutrient cycling and, 60, 65
passenger pigeon and, 211
population growth and, 137
protection of natural capital and, 9–10
rangeland management and, 232–33, 233f
scientifi c principles of, 23–24, 23f
species diversity and, 191
species-rich ecosystems and, 90–91
tree plantations and, 217
tropical rain forests and, 74
winds and, 159
wolves in Yellowstone and, 245
Sustainability (environmental) revolution,
16, 24 f
Sustainable forest management, 227, 227f
Sustainable rangeland management, 232–33,
233 f
Sustainable seafood, 264
Sustainable yield, 12
Sustainably grown timber, 228b
Swamps, 178
Synergistic interaction, 46
Synergy, 46
System(s), 44 –47
components of, 44
feedback loops in, 44 –46
models of, 44b
synergy and, 46
time delays in, 46
unintended results of human activities in,
46–47Taigas, 155
Tall-grass prairies, 150
Tectonic plates, 84, 85f
Temperate shrubland, 152
Temperate deserts, 148, 149f
Temperate forests, 153, 154f,155–56
Temperate deciduous forests, 153, 154f,155–56
Temperate grasslands, 150, 151f
Temperate rain forests, 156, 157f
Tentative science, 33
TerraMai, 230
Terrestrial biodiversity, sustaining, 245f
Testing, scientifi c, 33
Theory of island biogeography, 90 b, 188 b, 194
Third-level consumers, 59
Thoreau, Henry David, 24
Threatened species, 186, 187 f, 189 f