to enhance maternal sensitivity, responsivity to infant
cues, and positive parent-infant interaction. Primary
outcomes are examined in terms of improvement in
factors such as infant regulatory capacities, social-
emotional development, and parent-infant attach-
ment. In addition, reduction in maternal depressive
symptoms is usually reported, although this is not the
direct focus of the intervention. Overall, improve-
ments are noted, although minimal information is
available to determine the duration or the specific ef-
fects.
Summary
There are several important points to consider in
regard to postpartum depression. First, postpartum
depression has been linked to adverse infant and fam-
ily outcomes. Postpartum depression has been associ-
ated with problematic infant development, poor
parent-child interactions, and unhealthy family func-
tioning. Recent research has suggested that it is the
quality of family functioning that is the key to promot-
ing positive child outcomes.
Second, the best intervention for postpartum de-
pression is early identification. Women at risk for
postpartum depression can be identified early (even
during pregnancy) by determining whether the
woman has a history of depression. Past history of de-
pression is one of the most consistent findings for the
prediction of postpartum depression.
Third, once the risk for maternal depression has
been identified, steps can begin immediately to pre-
vent adverse outcomes for mother and child. Early
identification of depression is most critical—that is,
before the baby is born. Even prior to the onset of full-
blown disorder, services can be put in place to facili-
tate parenting competence, enhance parent-child re-
lationship quality, and/or reduce intensity of
depressive symptoms by connecting mothers with ap-
propriate community services.
Finally, interventions are effective in ameliorat-
ing symptoms of postpartum depression. Much re-
search has focused on the treatment of mothers’
depressive symptoms. Treatment strategies for post-
partum depression also need to include family devel-
opment plans that account for each family’s unique
strengths and needs, an emphasis on strengthening
family relationships by highlighting the role of fa-
thers and other important caregivers, and the promo-
tion of positive parenting and parental competence.
Without question, giving support to families who are
experiencing significant risks such as maternal de-
pression is ultimately in the best interest of children.
See also: BIRTH; PARENTING; PREGNANCY
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