parent-child relationships, 292
psychoanalytic theory, 414
reading, 342–343
sleeping patterns, 370–371
social-cognitive development, 375
Pretend play, 311
See also Play
Preterm birth, 61–62
Prevention programs
child maltreatment, 80
substance abuse, 392–393
violence, 428
Primate research, 173
Proprioception, 356
Prosocial behavior, 336–337
observational learning, 239
social development, 378
Proximal-distal principle (motor
development), 279–280
Psychoanalytic theory
Erikson and, 140, 415
Freud and, 155–156, 414–415
Psychological characteristics
domestic violence abusers and
victims, 125–126
stress coping methods, 390
Psychological Corporation, 74
Psychosocial development
Erikson and, 140
failure to thrive, 146
stages, 383–385, 384
Psychosocial function
asthmatic children, 32
birth defects, children with, 57
Psychotherapy and postpartum
depression treatment, 313
Puberty, 8–9, 337
Public opinion and support
early intervention programs, 132
fathers and fatherhood, 151
teenage pregnancy, 404
Punishment (operant conditioning), 237
Q
Qualitative research methods, 269–270
Quantitative research methods, 270–271
Quasi-experimental research method,
270
Quickening (pregnancy), 318
R
Race comparative studies, 340
Racial differences, 339–342, 341
See also African-American children;
Asian-American children; Hispanic
children
Racial socialization of African Americans,
17
Rapid eye movement (REM), 370
Rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT), 20
Reading, 242, 342–344, 344
Rearing practices and aggression, 19
Reasoning process (moral development),
276–277
Recherche (Piaget), 308–309
Reflectivity and impulsivity (cognitive
style), 93–94
Reflexes, 344–345
Reform school, 118
Reggio Emilia approach (preschool), 334
Reinforcement, 237–238, 345
Religion, 345
adolescent identity development,
198
African Americans, 16
Hispanic Americans, 190
Relitigation and divorce mediation, 253
Reproductive health, 248
Reproductive technologies, 346
See also Artificial insemination;
Surrogate motherhood
Research guidelines, 141
Research methods. See Methods of
studying children
Resiliency, 346–348
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS),
348
Responsibility and aggression, 19
Retention, 348
Rh disease, 348–349
Rh factor, 332–333
Rhesus monkeys, 173, 173
Risk factors
adoption, 12–13
computer use, 95–96
resiliency, 346
suicidal adolescents, 397–398
violence, 427–428
Ritalin, 39
Roach, Joe, 79
Roe v. Wade (1973), 2
Romantic relationships and social
development, 380
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 349, 349–350
Rubella, 331, 350
Rural children, 350–351S
Safety in day care, 111
Same-sex romantic relationships, 109
Schizophrenia, 265
See also Mental disorders
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 353
School vouchers, 353–354
School-age children
with AIDS/HIV, 4–5
computer use, 97
concrete operational period of
development, 415–416
friendships, 157
gender-role development, 164
gender segregation, 164
maltreatment of, 79
memory, 258–259
nutrition, 285
parent-child relationships, 292
psychoanalytic theory, 415
reading, 343–344
sleeping patterns, 371
working mothers, 438
Schools and schooling
cognitive development, 91moral development, 278
observational learning, 220
transitions in adolescence, 10–11
See also Home schooling
Schulenberg, John, 436
Script theory and television viewing, 407
Security (emotions), 36–37
Seeing (sense), 356
Seeing Essential English (SEE), 177–178
Selected immunizations, 203
Self-care children, 232
Self-concept, 302, 354
Self-esteem
African-American children, 15–16
exercise, 143
Self-fulfilling prophecy, 354
Self-recognition and toddlers, 134
Self-regulation and parent-child
relationships, 292
Self-reports (qualitative research), 269
Selfishness, 354–355
Sensitive development periods, 101–103
Sensorimotor period of development,
383
Sensorimotor play, 311
See also Play
Sensory development, 206–207, 207,
355–357, 356
Separation anxiety, 357
See also Attachment; Parent-child
relationships
Sex differences. See Gender-role
development
Sex education, 357–359, 358
Sexual activity, 359–362, 361
dating, 110
sex education programs, 358–359
Sexual orientation of adolescents,
361–362
Sexual risk behaviors, 360, 361–362
Sexual violence, 110, 361
Sexuality, 357
Shaken baby syndrome, 78–79, 210–211
Sheppard-Towner Act, 418
Short-term memory, 90–91, 255–256
See also Memory
Shyness, 362–363
Siblings and sibling relationships, 114,
363–365, 364
Sickle cell anemia, 365–366
SIDS. See Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome (SIDS)
Sign language, 366
See also American Sign Language
(ASL)
Single-parent families, 17, 149–150, 295,
366–369, 368
African Americans, 15
poverty, 315
stepfamilies, compared to, 386
See also Families
Skinner, B. F., 369, 369–370, 413
Sleep apnea, 26, 371
Sleep disorders, 371
Sleeping, 370–372
Slumdwellers, 183
Smell (sense), 355INDEX 485