162 Chapter 19
there are three possibilities. First, psychiatric disorders could lead on to
soiling, though follow-up studies provide no evidence for this. Second,
soiling could result in psychiatric disorder, perhaps by evoking criticism
and teasing from parents, teachers and peers. Third, soiling and psychiatric
disorders may co-occur because of shared risk factors such as neglect,
abuse developmental immaturity or neurological disorder.
Subject review
Butler RJ. (2008) Wetting and soiling.In: Rutter Met al.(eds)Rutter’s
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 5th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester,
pp. 916–929.
Further reading
Buchanan, A. in collaboration with Clayden, G. (1992)Children Who Soil:
Assessment and Treatment.Wiley, Chichester.
Sourander A. (2011) Time-trend changes and psychological risk factors
for soiling: Findings from the Finnish 16-year time-trend study.Acta
Paediatrica 100 , 1276–1280.