Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

The Skeletal System 133

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Explain the differences between compact bone
   and spongy bone, and state where each type is
   found. (p. 106)


2. State the locations of red bone marrow, and name
   the blood cells it produces. (p. 106)


3. Name the tissue of which the embryonic skull is
   first made. Explain how ossification of cranial
   bones occurs. (p. 108)


4. State what fontanels are, and explain their func-
   tion. (p. 108)


5. Name the tissue of which the embryonic femur
   is first made. Explain how ossification of this
   bone occurs. Describe what happens in epiphy-
   seal discs to produce growth of long bones.
   (p. 108)


6. Explain what is meant by “genetic potential” for
   height, and name the nutrients a child must have
   in order to attain genetic potential. (p. 108)


7. Explain the functions of calcitonin and parathy-
   roid hormone with respect to bone matrix and to
   blood calcium level. (p. 112)


8. Explain how estrogen or testosterone affects bone
   growth, and when. (p. 112)


9. State one way each of the following hormones
   helps promote bone growth: insulin, thyroxine,
   growth hormone. (p. 112)


10. Name the bones that make up the braincase.
    (p. 112)


11. Name the bones that contain paranasal sinuses
    and explain the functions of these sinuses.
    (pp. 116, 119)


12. Name the bones that make up the rib cage, and
    describe two functions of the rib cage. (p. 122)


13. Describe the functions of the vertebral column.
    State the number of each type of vertebra.
    (pp. 119–120)


14. Explain how the shoulder and hip joints are simi-
    lar and how they differ. (pp. 122, 125)


15. Give a specific example (name two bones) for each
    of the following types of joints: (p. 129)
    a. Hinge
    b. Symphysis
    c. Pivot
    d. Saddle
    e. Suture
    f. Ball and socket


16. Name the part of a synovial joint with each of the
    following functions: (p. 128)
    a. Fluid within the joint cavity that prevents fric-
    tion
    b. Encloses the joint in a strong sheath
    c. Provides a smooth surface on bone surfaces
    d. Lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial
    fluid


17. Refer to the diagram (Fig. 6–4) of the full skeleton,
    and point to each bone on yourself. (p. 114)

FOR FURTHER THOUGHT

1. Following a severe spinal cord injury in the lumbar
   region, the voluntary muscles of the legs and hips
   will be paralyzed. Describe the effects of paralysis
   on the skeleton.


2. The sutures of the adult skull are joints that do not
   allow movement. Why have joints at all if no move-
   ment is permitted? Explain.
   3. Without looking at any of the illustrations, try to
   name all the bones that form the orbits, the sockets
   for the eyes. Check your list with Figs. 6–5 and
   6–6.
   4. In an effort to prevent sudden infant death syn-
   drome (SIDS), parents were advised to put their
   infants to sleep lying on their backs, not their