Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

14. Explain the difference between the following: (pp.
    336–337)
    a. Genetic immunity and acquired immunity
    b. Passive acquired immunity and active acquired
    immunity

c. Natural and artificial passive acquired immunity

d. Natural and artificial active acquired immunity

The Lymphatic System and Immunity 341

FOR FURTHER THOUGHT

1. Bubonic plague, also called black plague, is a seri-
   ous disease caused by a bacterium and spread by
   fleas from rats or rodents to people. It got its
   “black” name from “buboes,” dark swellings found
   in the groin or armpit of people with plague.
   Explain what buboes are, and why they were usu-
   ally found in the groin and armpit.


2. In Rh disease of the newborn, maternal antibodies
   enter fetal circulation and destroy the red blood
   cells of the fetus. A mother with type O blood has
   anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but may have a dozen
   type A children without any problem at all. Explain
   why. (Look at Table 14–1 and Fig. 14–8.)


3. Most vaccines are given by injection. The oral
   polio vaccine (OPV), however, is not; it is given by
   mouth. Remembering that the purpose of a vaccine

is to expose the individual to the pathogen, what

does this tell you about the polio viruses (there are

three) and their usual site of infection?

4. Everyone should have a tetanus booster shot every
   10 years. That is what we often call a “tetanus
   shot.” Someone who sustains a soil-contaminated
   injury should also receive a tetanus booster (if none
   in the past 10 years). But someone who has symp-
   toms of tetanus should get TIG, tetanus immune
   globulin. Explain the difference, and why TIG is so
   important.


5. People with AIDS are susceptible to many other
   diseases. Which of these would be least likely:
   pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, yeast infection of
   the mouth, or protozoan infection of the intes-
   tines? Explain your answer.