Glossary 557Coronary vessels(KOR-ah-na-ree VESS-uhls) The blood
vessels that supply the myocardium with blood; emerge
from the ascending aorta and empty into the right atrium
(Chapter 12).
Corpus callosum(KOR-pus kuh-LOH-sum) The band of
white matter that connects the cerebral hemispheres
(Chapter 8).
Corpus luteum(KOR-pus LOO-tee-um) The temporary
endocrine gland formed from an ovarian follicle that has
released an ovum; secretes progesterone and estrogen
(Chapter 10).
Cortex(KOR-teks) The outer layer of an organ, such as the
cerebrum, kidney, or adrenal gland (Chapter 8).
Cortisol(KOR-ti-sawl) A hormone secreted by the adrenal
cortex that promotes the efficient use of nutrients in
stressful situations and has an anti-inflammatory effect
(Chapter 10).
Cough reflex(KAWF) A reflex integrated by the medulla
that expels irritating substances from the pharynx, larynx,
or trachea by means of an explosive exhalation (Chap-
ter 15).
Covalent bond(ko-VAY-lent) A chemical bond formed by
the sharing of electrons between atoms (Chapter 2).
Cranial cavity(KRAY-nee-uhl KAV-i-tee) The cavity
formed by the cranial bones; contains the brain; part of
the dorsal cavity (Chapter 1).
Cranial nerves(KRAY-nee-uhl NERVS) The 12 pairs of
nerves that emerge from the brain (Chapter 8).
Cranial venous sinuses(KRAY-nee-uhl VEE-nus SIGH-
nuh-sez) Large veins between the two layers of the cra-
nial dura mater; the site of reabsorption of the
cerebrospinal fluid (Chapter 8).
Cranium(KRAY-nee-um) The cranial bones or bones of
the skull that enclose and protect the brain (Chapter 6).
Creatine phosphate(KREE-ah-tin FOSS-fate) An energy
source in muscle fibers; the energy released is used to
synthesize ATP (Chapter 7).
Creatinine(kree-A-ti-neen) A nitrogenous waste product
produced when creatine phosphate is used for energy;
excreted by the kidneys in urine (Chapter 7).
Crest (KREST) A bony ridge, such as the iliac crest
(Chapter 6).
Cretinism(KREE-tin-izm) Hyposecretion of thyroxine in
an infant; if uncorrected, the result is severe mental and
physical retardation (Chapter 10).
Cross-section(KRAWS SEK-shun) A plane or cut perpen-
dicular to the long axis of an organ (Chapter 1).
Crypts of Lieberkühn(KRIPTS of LEE-ber-koon) The
digestive glands of the small intestine; secrete digestive
enzymes (Chapter 16).
Cuboidal(kew-BOY-duhl) Shaped like a cube; used espe-
cially in reference to epithelial tissue (Chapter 4).
Culture and sensitivity testing(KUL-chur and SEN-si-
TIV-i-tee) A laboratory procedure to determine thebest antibiotic with which to treat a bacterial infection
(Chapter 22).
Cushing’s syndrome(KOOSH-ingz SIN-drohm) Hyper-
secretion of the glucocorticoids of the adrenal cortex,
characterized by fragility of skin, poor wound healing,
truncal fat deposition, and thin extremities (Chapter 10).
Cutaneous senses(kew-TAY-nee-us) The senses of the
skin; the receptors are mainly in the dermis (Chapter 9).
Cyanosis(SIGH-uh-NOH-sis) A blue, gray, or purple
discoloration of the skin caused by hypoxia and abnormal
amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood (Chap-
ter 15).
Cyclic AMP(SIK-lik) A chemical that is the second mes-
senger in the two-messenger mechanism of hormone
action; formed from ATP and stimulates characteristic
cellular responses to the hormone (Chapter 10).
Cystic duct(SIS-tik DUKT) The duct that takes bile into
and out of the gallbladder; unites with the hepatic duct of
the liver to form the common bile duct (Chapter 16).
Cystitis(sis-TIGH-tis) Inflammation of the urinary blad-
der; most often the result of bacterial infection (Chap-
ter 18).
Cytochrome transport system(SIGH-toh-krohm) The
stage of cell respiration in which ATP is formed during
reactions of cytochromes with the electrons of the hydro-
gen atoms that were once part of a food molecule, and
metabolic water is formed; aerobic; takes place in the
mitochondria of cells (Syn.—electron transport system)
(Chapter 17).
Cytokines(SIGH-toh-kines) Chemicals released by acti-
vated T cells that attract macrophages. Are also released
by many cells and tissues as part of cellular communica-
tion. (Chapter 14).
Cytokinesis(SIGH-toh-ki-NEE-sis) The division of the
cytoplasm of a cell following mitosis (Chapter 3).
Cytoplasm (SIGH-toh-plazm) The cellular material
between the nucleus and the cell membrane (Chapter 3).
Cytosol(SIGH-toh-sawl) The water of cytoplasm (Chap-
ter 3).—D—
Dead space(DED SPAYSE) 1. Anatomic: air that is in the
respiratory passages at the end of inhalation and does not
participate in gas exchange. 2. Physiological: the volume
of nonfunctioning alveoli that decrease gas exchange
(Chapter 15).
Deafness(DEFF-ness) Impairment of normal hearing; may
be caused by damage to the vibration conduction path-
way (conduction), the acoustic nerve or cochlear recep-
tors (nerve), or the auditory area in the temporal lobe
(central) (Chapter 9).
Deamination(DEE-am-i-NAY-shun) The removal of an
amino (NH 2 ) group from an amino acid; takes place in30Scanlon(p3) Glossary 8/17/06 11:08 AM Page 557