Glossary 561secreted by the kidneys in a state of hypoxia; stimulates
the red bone marrow to increase the rate of red blood cell
production (Chapter 11).
Esophagus(e-SOF-uh-guss) The organ of the alimentary
tube that is a passageway for food from the pharynx to
the stomach (Chapter 16).
Essential amino acids(e-SEN-shul ah-MEE-noh ASS-
ids) The amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the
liver and must be obtained from proteins in the diet
(Chapter 16).
Essential fatty acids(e-SEN-shul FA-tee ASS-ids) The
fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and
must be obtained from fats in the diet (Chapter 17).
Estrogen(ES-troh-jen) The sex hormone secreted by a
developing ovarian follicle; contributes to the growth of
the female reproductive organs and the secondary sex
characteristics (Chapter 10).
Ethmoid bone(ETH-moyd) An irregular cranial bone that
forms the upper part of the nasal cavities and a small part
of the lower anterior braincase (Chapter 6).
Eustachian tube(yoo-STAY-shee-un TOOB) The air pas-
sage between the middle ear cavity and the nasopharynx
(Syn.—auditory tube) (Chapter 9).
Exocrine gland(EK-so-krin) A gland that secretes its prod-
uct into a duct to be taken to a cavity or surface (Chap-
ter 4).
Exocytosis(EKS-oh-sigh-TOH-sis) The process by which
material is ejected or secreted from a cell; characteristic
of the Golgi apparatus, in which membrane-bound vesi-
cles fuse with the cell membrane and release their con-
tents (Chapter 3).
Expiration(EK-spi-RAY-shun) Exhalation; the output of
air from the lungs (Chapter 15).
Expiratory reserve(ek-SPYR-ah-tor-ee ree-ZERV) The
volume of air beyond tidal volume that can be exhaled
with the most forceful exhalation; average: 1000–1500
mL (Chapter 15).
Extension(eks-TEN-shun) To increase the angle of a joint
(Chapter 7).
External(eks-TER-nuhl) On the outside; toward the sur-
face (Chapter 1).
External anal sphincter(eks-TER-nuhl AY-nuhl SFINK-
ter) The circular skeletal muscle that surrounds the inter-
nal anal sphincter and provides voluntary control of
defecation (Chapter 16).
External auditory meatus(eks-TER-nuhl AW-di-TOR-
ee me-AY-tuss) The ear canal; the portion of the outer
ear that is a tunnel in the temporal bone between the
auricle and the eardrum (Chapter 9).
External respiration(eks-TER-nuhl RES-pi-RAY-shun)
The exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli
and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries (Chap-
ter 15).
External urethral sphincter(eks-TER-nuhl yoo-REE-
thruhl SFINK-ter) The skeletal muscle of the pelvicfloor encircling the urethra; provides voluntary control
of urination (Chapter 18).
Extracellular fluid (EKS-trah-SELL-yoo-ler FLOO-id)
The water found outside cells; includes plasma, tissue
fluid, lymph, and other fluids (Chapter 2).
Extrinsic factor(eks-TRIN-sik FAK-ter) Vitamin B 12 ,
obtained from food and necessary for DNA synthesis,
especially by stem cells in the red bone marrow (Chap-
ter 11).
Extrinsic muscles(eks-TRIN-sik) The six muscles that
move the eyeball (Chapter 9).—F—
Facet(FA-sit) A smooth, relatively flat articular surface on a
bone (from the Latin “little face”) (Chapter 6).
Facial bones(FAY-shul) The 14 irregular bones of the face
(Chapter 6).
Facial nerves(FAY-shul) Cranial nerve pair VII; sensory
for taste, motor to facial muscles and the salivary glands
(Chapter 8).
Facilitated diffusion(fuh-SILL-ah-tay-ted di-FEW-zhun)
The process in which a substance is transported through
a membrane in combination with a carrier or transporter
molecule (Chapter 3).
Facultative anaerobe(FAK-uhl-tay-tive AN-air-robe) A
bacterium that is able to reproduce either in the presence
or absence of oxygen (Chapter 22).
Fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-an TOOB) The tubu-
lar organ that propels an ovum from the ovary to the
uterus by means of ciliated epithelium and peristalsis
of its smooth muscle layer (Syn.—uterine tube) (Chap-
ter 20).
Fascia(FASH-ee-ah) A fibrous connective tissue membrane
that covers individual skeletal muscles and certain organs
(Chapter 4).
Fatty acid(FA-tee ASS-id) A lipid molecule that consists of
an even-numbered carbon chain of 12–24 carbons with
hydrogens; may be saturated or unsaturated; an end
product of the digestion of fats (Chapter 2).
Femur(FEE-mur) The long bone of the thigh (Chapter 6).
Fertilization (FER-ti-li-ZAY-shun) The union of the
nuclei of an ovum and a sperm cell; restores the diploid
number (Chapter 3).
Fetal alcohol syndrome(FEE-tuhl AL-koh-hol) Birth
defects or developmental abnormalities in infants born to
women who chronically consumed alcohol during the
gestation period (Chapter 21).
Fever(FEE-ver) An abnormally high body temperature,
caused by pyrogens; may accompany an infectious disease
or severe physical injury (Chapter 17).
Fever blister(FEE-ver BLISS-ter) An eruption of the skin
caused by the herpes simplex virus (Syn.—cold sore)
(Chapter 5).
Fiber(FIGH-ber) Cellulose in the diet that provides exer-30Scanlon(p3) Glossary 8/17/06 11:08 AM Page 561