Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Anterior cerebral artery, 303f

Anterior communicating artery, 303f

Anterior crest, 127f

Anterior facial vein, 298f

Anterior fontanel, 109f

Anterior interventricular branch, 278f

Anterior pituitary, 226f, 228–231

hormones, 231t

Anterior tibial artery, 297f, 301t

Anterior tibial vein, 298f, 302t

Antibiotics, 510–511

Antibodies, 332, 333f

classes, 333t

Antibody-mediated immunity, 330,

330–334

Antibody responses, 334, 335f

Antibody titer, 334b

Anticodon, 57f, 58

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 179, 226f,

227–228, 228t, 309, 310f, 427, 428t,

429f, 444

Antigens, 34, 48, 326f, 327

Antipyretic, 400

Antiseptic, 505

Antithrombin, 268

Anus, 159f, 385f, 387f, 459f, 463f, 467f

Aorta, 275, 276f, 278f, 305f, 356f, 420f

Aortic arch, 216, 276f, 285f, 297f, 305f

Aortic body, 285f, 360

Aortic semilunar valve, 275, 276f, 277f,

277t

Aortic sinus, 285f

Apex (heart), 276f

Apgar score, 486b

Aphasia, 182b

Apical pulse, 304b

Aplastic anemia, 257b

Apneustic center, 358, 359f

Apocrine glands, 98

Aponeurosis, 138

Appendectomy, 385

Appendicitis, 385

Appendicular skeleton, 112

Appendix, 385, 385f

Aqueous humor, 207

Aqueous (water) solution, 26

Arachnoid membrane, 184, 185f, 186f

Arachnoid villi, 184, 185f, 186f

Arcuate artery, 422f

Areola, 467f

Areolar connective tissue, 75–76

Arm, 122–123

Arrhythmias (heart), 282, 282b

Arterial receptors, 216

Arteries, 292, 293f, 356f

disorders of, 294b

head and neck, 299f

Arteriole, 98, 99t, 292, 293f, 348f, 375f

Arteriosclerosis, 294b

Arthritis, 103b

Arthropods, 499, 514–515, 515f

vectors, 524t

Articular cartilage, 106, 110f

Ascaris, 514

Ascending colon, 371f, 385f

Ascending tracts, 172

Association areas (brain), 182–183

Asthma, 349b

Astigmatism, 208b

Astrocyte, 167f, 168t

Atherosclerosis, 35, 280b, 294b

Atlas (vertebrae), 119, 120f

Atomic number, 24

Atomic weight, 24

Atoms, 24–25

carbon, 25f

ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 29, 30, 34,

229f, 232f, 245f

active transport, 145, 425–427

cell respiration, 42, 42t, 401, 401f

glucose, 54

liver cells, 388

mitochondria, 51

mitosis, 60

muscle fibers, 140–142

reproductive system, 459

Atretic follicles, 464

Atria, 275

Atrial diastole, 279f

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), 275,

428t

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 275, 309,

310f, 429f

reabsorption of water, 427

Atrial systole, 279f

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, 281, 281f

Atrioventricular (AV) node, 279, 281f,

285f

Atrium, left and right, 275

Atrophy (muscle), 147

Auditory area (brain), 180f, 182

Auditory bones, 119

Auditory tube, 201f

Auerbach’s plexus, 375f, 376

Auricle, 210, 211f

Autoclave, 505

Autoimmune arthritis, 130b

Autoimmune disorder, 148b, 168b

Autonomic nervous system (ANS),

187–191, 190f

functions, 191t

Autonomic pathways, 187

Autosomes, 476

Avian influenza A (H5N1), 507, 507b

Axial skeleton, 112

Axillary artery, 297f, 300t

Axillary lymph nodes, 323, 325f

Axillary vein, 298f, 302t

Axis (vertebrae), 119, 120f

Axon, 81, 81t, 166, 167f, 170f

presynaptic neuron, 169f

Axon terminal, 142, 143f, 167f

Azygos vein, 302t

B

B cell (blood), 255f, 262, 330

B 12 , 409t

Bacteremia, 502

Bacteria, 498, 508–511

diseases caused, 516–519t

shapes, 509f

Bactericides, 505

Bacteriostatic chemicals, 505

Bacteriuria, 434t

Bacteroides fragilis, 500

Ball-and-socket joint, 122, 123, 129f

Band cell, 255f, 262

Baroreceptors, 359f

Barrier methods (of contraception), 461b

Barriers (immunity), 327–328

Bartholin’s gland, 463f, 464f, 466

Basal ganglia (brain), 177f, 183

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 408

Bases, 31–33

Basilar artery, 299f, 303f

Basilar layer

Basilar membrane, 213f

Basilic vein, 298f, 302t

Basophils, 253f, 255f, 262, 329f

Benign tumors, 61b

Beta cells, 235, 237t, 382f

Bicarbonate buffer system, 446–448, 447t

Bicarbonate juice, 379–381

Bicep, 139f, 156f

brachii, 152f, 153f, 157t

femoris, 152f, 158f

Bicuspid valve. SeeMitral valve

Bile, 379

Bile duct, 371f, 380f, 382f

Bile salts, 379

Bilirubin, 258–259, 258f

formation, 388

Binocular vision, 209

Binomial nomenclature, 499–500

Biopsy, 94b

Biotin, 409t

Bipolar neurons, 206f

Birth canal, 483

Bitter (taste area), 201f

Bladder, 375f

trigone, 420f

Blastocoele, 478f

Blastocyst, 476, 478f

Blister, 91

Blood, 74–75, 251–268

capillaries, 323f

590 Index

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