3 88 CRITIQUE OF The Bell Curve
often have I heard these imprudent words." In an eloquent passage,
Binet then vented his anger against teachers who claim that a stu-
dent can "never" succeed as a result of inferior biology:
Never! What a momentous word. Some recent thinkers seem to have given
their moral support to these deplorable verdicts by affirming that an indi-
vidual's intelligence is a fixed quantity, a quantity that cannot be increased.
We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism; we must try to
demonstrate that it is founded upon nothing.
Finally, Binet took pleasure in the successes of teachers who
did use his tests to identify students and provide needed help. He
defended remedial programs and insisted that gains so recorded
must be read as genuine increases in intelligence:It is in this practical sense, the only one accessible to us, that we say that the
intelligence of these children has been increased. We have increased what
constitutes the intelligence of a pupil: the capacity to learn and to assimi-
late instruction.How tragic and how ironic! If IQ tests had been consistently
used as Binet intended, their results would have been entirely be-
neficent (in this sense, as I stated, I do not oppose mental testing on
principle, but only certain versions and philosophies). But the very
innatist and antimeliorist spin that Binet had foreseen and decried
did become the dominant interpretation, and Binet's intentions
were overturned and inverted. And this reversal—the establish-
ment of the hereditarian theory of IQ—occurred in America, not in
elitist Europe. The major importers of Binet's method promoted
the biodeterminist version that Binet had opposed—and the results
continue to ring falsely in our time as The Bell Curve.
Consider the two leading initial promoters of Binet's scale in
America. Psychologist H. H. Goddard, who translated Binet's arti-
cles into English and agitated for the general use of his test, adopted
both the hard-line hereditarian view and the argument for intelli-
gence as a single entity:Stated in its boldest form, our thesis is that the chief determiner of human
conduct is a unitary mental process which we call intelligence: that this
process is conditioned by a nervous mechanism which is inborn: that the
degree of efficiency to be attained by that nervous mechanism and the
consequent grade of intellectual or mental level for each individual is deter-