Sustainable Agriculture and Food: Four volume set (Earthscan Reference Collections)

(Elle) #1

338 Diet and Health


3 Calories measure the energy value of food. Food package labels – and this book – use the erroneous
but commonly understood ‘calories’ instead of the correct unit, kilocalories (kcal). A kilocalorie (in
this book, calorie) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a litre of water 1°
centigrade. In the metric system, energy is measured in joules; 1 kcal = 4.2 kilojoules (kJ).
4 Food and Nutrition Board. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Wash-
ington DC: National Academy Press, 1989. James WPT. Healthy Nutrition: Preventing Nutrition-
Related Diseases in Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 1988. World Cancer
Research Fund. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington
DC: American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997.
5 McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 1993; 270: 2207–



  1. Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in
    women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 16–22. Frazão E. High costs of poor
    eating patterns in the United States. In: Frazão E, ed. America’s Eating Habits: Changes & Conse-
    quences. Washington DC: USDA, 1999: 5–32.
    6 Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, et al. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and
    adolescents. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 1995; 149: 1085–1091. Mokdad AH,
    Serdula MK, Dietz WH, et al. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–

  2. JAMA 1999; 282: 1519–1522. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, et al. The disease burden
    associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 1999; 282: 1523–1529. Overweight and obesity
    are defined in relation to the Body Mass Index (BMI): body weight in kilograms divided by height
    in metres squared (kg/m^2 ). Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile in a
    national survey conducted in 1976–1980, or a BMI of 25 or above. Obesity is defined as a BMI
    of 30 or above.
    7 Physical activity trends – United States, 1990–1998. JAMA 2001; 285; 1835. Anderson RE,
    Crespo CJ, Bartlett SJ, et al. Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body
    weight and level of fatness among children. JAMA 1998; 279: 938–942.
    8 Putnam JJ, Allshouse JE. Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1970–1997. Washington
    DC: USDA, 1999. USDA. Data Tables: Results from USDA’s 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of
    Food Intakes by Individuals and 1994–1996 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey, 1997. Online:
    http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/. Accessed 23 May 2001.
    9 Lin B-H, Guthrie J, Frazão E. Nutrient contribution of food away from home. In: Frazão E, ed.
    America’s Eating Habits: Changes & Consequences. Washington DC: USDA, 1999: 71–95.
    10 Food Surveys Research Group. Pyramid Servings Data: Results from USDA’s 1995 and 1996 Con-
    tinuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. Beltsville, MD: USDA Agricultural Research Service,


  3. 11 Kantor LS. A dietary assessment of the U.S. food supply. Family Economics and Nutrition Review
    1999; 12: 51–54.
    12 Lipton KL, Edmondson W, Manchester A. The Food and Fiber System: Contributing to the U.S.
    and World Economies. Washington DC: USDA Economic Research Service, 1998. Gallo AE. The
    Food Marketing System in 1996. Washington DC: USDA Economic Research Service, 1998.
    13 Beale CL. A century of population growth and change. FoodReview 2000; 23(1): 16–22. Sommer
    JE, Hoppe RA, Green RC, Korb PJ. Structural and Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms, 1995:
    20th Annual Family Farm Report to Congress. Washington DC: USDA, 1998. Online: http://www.ers.
    usda.gov/publications. Accessed 23 May 2001.
    14 Nestle M, Wing R, Birch L, et al. Behavioral and social influences on food choice. Nutrition
    Reviews 1998; 56: S50–S74. Nestle M, ed. Mediterranean diets: science and policy implications.
    Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61(suppl): 1313S–1427S.
    15 Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and its health implications in lower-income countries. Pub-
    lic Health Nutrition 1998; 1(1): 5–21. Gardner G, Halwell B. Underfed and Overfed: The Global
    Epidemic of Malnutrition. Washington DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2000. See: http://apps.fao.
    org.



Free download pdf