154 Before Agriculture
7 The concept of ‘linguistic ecology’ described here is due to Peter Mühlhausler, building on earlier
work by Einar Haugen. See: (a) Mühlhausler, P. 1996. Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and
Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Rim. Routledge, London. (b) Haugen, E. 1972. The Ecology
of Language. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
8 The correlations reported here are from: Harmon, D. in press. Losing species, losing languages:
Connections between biological and linguistic diversity. Southwest Journal of Linguistics. Figure
5.4 and Table 5.1 are reproduced from Harmon (in press) with the author’s permission. The
source of biodiversity data in Table 5.1 is: McNeely, J. et al. 1990. Conserving the World’s Biological
Diversity. IUCN/WRI/CI/WWF-US/The World Bank, Gland, Washington DC. Source for lin-
guistic-diversity data: Grimes, B. (ed.). 1992. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 12th edition.
Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas.
9 The discussion of factors of linguistic diversity-biodiversity correlations is from: Harmon (in
press), note 8 above. The quote is from p. 155 of: Mühlhausler, P. 1995. The interdependence of
linguistic and biological diversity. In: Myers, D. (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the Asia/
Pacific, pp. 154–61. Northern Territory University Press, Darwin.
10 Quoted from p. 133 of: Tindale, N.B. 1974. Aboriginal Tribes of Australia. University of Califor-
nia Press, Berkeley.
11 The quote on place names is from p. 4 of: Huhn, E.S. 1996. Columbia Plateau place names:
What can they teach us? Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 6(1): 3–26. The expression ‘wisdom
sits in places’ is derived from: Basso, K.H. 1996. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language
among the Western Apache. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
12 See Nabhan, G.P.; St Antoine, S. 1993. The loss of floral and faunal story: The extinction of
experience. In: Kellett, S.R.; Wilson, E.O. (eds), The Biophilia Hypothesis, pp. 229–50. Island
Press, Washington DC.
13 For the Piaroa study, see: Zent, S. in press. The quandary of conserving ethnoecological knowl-
edge: A Piaroa example. In Blount, B.G.; Gragson, T.S. (eds), Ethnoecology: Knowledge, Resources
and Rights. Georgia University Press, Athens. The Yoeme case is described in: Molina, E.S. 1998.
Wa huya ania ama vutti yo’oriwa – the wilderness world is respected greatly: The Yoeme (Yaqui)
truth from the Yoeme communities of Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. In: Maffi, L. (ed.), forthcom-
ing. Language, Knowledge and the Environment: The Interdependence of Biological and Cultural
Diversity. Submitted to Oxford University Press. The quote is from p. 18 of: Evers, L.; Molina,
F.S. 1987. Maso Bwikam/Yaqui Deer Songs: A Native American Poetry. Sun Track and University of
Arizona Press, Tucson. Figures 5.5–5.8 are reproduced from Zent (in press), with the author’s
permission.
14 On Native Californians, see: Manriquez, L.F. 1998. Silent no more; California Indians reclaim
their culture – and they invite you to listen. In: Maffi, L. (ed.) forthcoming. Language, Knowledge
and the Environment: The Interdependence of Biological and Cultural Diversity. Submitted to
Oxford University Press. On Hawaiians, see: Kamana, K.; Wilson, W.H. 1996. Hawaiian lan-
guage programs. In: Cantoni, G. (ed.), Stabilizing Indigenous Languages, pp. 153–6. Center for
Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University: Flagstaff, AZ. On Maori, see Benton,
R.A. 1996. Language policy in New Zealand: Defining the ineffable. In Hernman, M.; Burnaby,
B. (eds), Language Policies In English-Dominant Countries; Six Case Studies, pp. 62–98. Multilin-
gual Matters, Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide. On Australian Aborigines, see: Harris, S. 1990.
Two-way Aboriginal Schooling. Education and Cultural Survival. Aboriginal Studies Press, Can-
berra.
15 For a review of commonly proposed reasons for preserving languages, see: Thieberger, N. 1990.
Language maintenance: Why bother? Multilingua, 9(4): 333–58. The quotes are from p. 82 of
Bernard (1992), see note 4 above. See also: Diamond, J. 1993. Speaking with a single tongue.
Discover, 14(2): 78–85.
16 See: (a) Reid, W.V.; Miller, K.R. 1993. Keeping Options Alive: The Scientific Basis for Conserving
the Biodiversity. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. (b) Shiva, V. 1993. Monocultures of