Oriental Despotism 19156 Dundas, 1924: 73.
57 Ibid.: 95 ff.
58 Ibid. Cf. Widenmann, 1899: 63 ff.
59 Cortes, 1866: passim. Díaz, 1944: passim. Cf. Vaillant, 1941: 135.
60 Armillas, 1944: passim. Vaillant, 1941: 219.
61 Jerez, 1938: 38. Sancho de la Hos, 1938: 177 ff. Cieza, 1945: 206 ff., 245. Ondegardo, 1872: 75
ff. Garcilaso, 1945, II: 31, 146 ff. Espinosa, 1942: 565 ff. Cobo, 1890–1895, IV: 65 ff., 207 ff.
Cf. Rowe, 1946: 224 ff.
62 Cobo, 1890–1895, III: 272. Garcilaso, 1945, II: 147.
63 Arthaçāstra, 1923: 54 ff.
64 Shih Chi, 88.1b.
65 Meissner, 1920–1925, I: 340.
66 Ibid.: 340 ff. Olmstead, 1923: 334.
67 Meissner, 1920–1925, I: 341. The term ‘royal road’ was used in an Assyrian inscription (Olm-
stead, 1923: 334). The operational pattern of the Roman state post, the cursus publicus, can be
traced back through the Hellenistic period to Persia and perhaps even to Babylonia (Wilcken,
1912: 372 and n. 2).
68 Herodotus, 1942, 5.52 f.; 8.g8. Cf. Xenophon, 1914, 8.6.17.
69 Rostovtzeff, 1941, I: 133, 135, 173 ff., 484, 517.
70 For Diocletian’s achievements in this sphere see Bury, 1931, I: 95 ff.; and Ensslin, 1939: 397.
71 Mez, 1922: 461.
72 For the Mamluks see Sauvaget, 1941: 35. For the Ottoman Turks see Taeschner, 1926: 203 ff.
73 Arthaçāstra, 1926: 60, and esp. 74. Strabo, 1917–1932, 15.1.50.
74 Cf. Smith, 1914: 135.
75 Appadorai, 1936, I: 424 ff.
76 Sabahuddin, 1944: 272 ff.
77 Haig, 1937: 57.
78 Smith, 1926: 413 ff.
79 Kuo Yü, 1935, 2.22 ff.
80 Han Shu, 51.2a.
81 Jerez, 1938: 55. Estete, 1938: 83 ff., 97 ff., 244 ff. Sancho de la Hos, 1938: 175. Pizarro, 1938:
- CPLNC, 1938: 310. Cieza, 1945: passim. Sarmiento, 1906: 88. Ondegardo, 1872: 12. Cf.
Garcilaso, 1945, II: 242 and passim; Cobo, 1890–1895, III: 260 ff.
82 Pizarro, 1938: 259.
83 Cieza, 1943: 95. The regional organization and the repair work on the roads had already been
noted by a member of the conquering army (Estete, 1938: 246). The lack of payment for serv-
ices rendered in the road corvée is also recorded by Blas Valeras, who states that similar condi-
tions prevailed with regard to work on the bridges and irrigation canals (Garcilaso, 1945, I:
258).
84 Chin Shih Ts’ui Pien, 5.13a–b.
85 Widenmann, 1899: 70.
86 Ixtlilxochitl, 1891–1892, II: 174.
87 I Kings 5: 14. For ancient Mesopotamia see Schneider, 1920: 92; Mendelsohn, 1949.
88 Marshall, 1928: 587 ff.
89 Shih Chi, 6.31a–b.
90 Shih Chi, 6.13b–14a, 24a–25a.
91 See above.
92 Sui Shu, 3.9b.
93 Over a million in 607; an additional 200,000 persons were employed in 608 (Sui Shu 3. 10b,
12a).
94 Sui Shu, 24.16a.