Ecological Basis for Low-Toxicity Integrated Pest Management 197culture as a response. This is expected to increase as demand for more profitable
non-grain products increases and nitrogen use is reduced to lower environmental
impacts and incidence of expensive-to-control fungal pathogens. However, IPM
development is required in more countries. These programmes should ensure that
educational systems (both formal and non-formal) are responding to the future
needs of reducing the environmental impact of agriculture while improving yields.
IPM is clearly a major aspect of this education.
There is a need to phase in new plant protection methods and products includ-
ing subsidizing commercialization of locally produced products such as pherom-
ones, attractants, natural enemies, pest-exclusion netting (for insects and birds),
high-quality seed, improved disease resistance and balanced soil fertility products.
High foreign exchange costs for imported pesticides and increasing consumer
awareness of the social costs arising from pesticides and inorganic fertilizers can be
expected to drive rice IPM system development. The trend will be towards lower
impact and local production of environmentally friendly pest management. A sig-
nificant redefinition of IPM to exclude Class I and most Class II products could
be a most important step to revitalize private sector, research and extension IPM
activities.
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