38 Before Agriculture
Table 1.10 Subsistence base of hunter-gatherers (North America)PeoplePercentage dependence on: Primary subsistence
Gathering Hunting Fishing source- Copper Eskimoa 05545 H
- Kaska 10 40 50 F
- Ingalik 10 40 50 F
- Ghugacha 10 60 30 H
- Nunamiut 10 70 20 H
- Kutchin 10 40 50 F
- Chipewyan 0 60 40 H
- Montagnais 20 60 20 H
- Saulteaux 20 35 45 F
- Eyaka 20 45 35 H
- Tsimshiana 20 30 50 F
- Quilcutea 30 30 40 F
- Chinooka 30 20 50 F
- Tlingita 10 40 50 F
- Bellabella 20 30 50 F
- Cowichana 40 30 30 G
- Tututnia 45 20 35 G
- Chimariko 40 30 30 G
- Tubatulabal 50 30 20 G
- Diegueno 50 40 10 G
- Modoc 50 30 20 G
- Achomawi 30 40 30 H
- Wintu 30 30 40 F
- Coast Yukia 60 20 20 G
- Lake Yokuts 50 20 30 G
- Cahuilla 60 40 0 G
- Washo 40 30 30 G
- Chilcotin 20 30 50 F
- Flathead 30 40 30 H
- Umatilla 30 30 40 F
- Panamint 60 40 0 G
- Kaibab 70 30 0 G
- Yavapai 60 40 0 G
- Seria 30 20 50 F
Total (North America) 13 8 13
Total (World) 29 11 18
a In some of the cases marked, the subsistence percentages have been changed from those
published in the Ethnographic Atlas. The categories have been redefined so that shell fishing is
included under ‘Gathering’, and pursuit of sea-mammals under ‘Hunting’. In the Atlas, both are
included under ‘Fishing’.