Turkey 46–47, 364, 418, 420,
442; war with Italy 46–47;
Armenian atrocities 93; and First
World War 93, 96, 99, 109;
revolt against peace terms 123,
124; Russian threats to
364–365; modernisation 420;
Kurds in 882; rivalry with
Greece 537–538, 882, 883; and
Cyprus 882; and Baghdad Pact
444; American missiles in 571,
572, 573; and NATO 882, 883;
and EC 877, 882, 952–953
Tutu, Archbishop Desmond 772
Twin Towers, New York terror
927, 944
Tzu-hsi, Dowager Empress of
China 74
U-2 incidents (1962) 499
U Nu 592–593
U Thant 592
Uganda 539, 741, 742–743
Ukraine 122, 264, 320, 321
Ulbricht, Walter 316, 511, 900
Ulster 40, 134–135, 851–852
Ultra 277
Union Treaty (Russia, 1991) 808
Unita (Angola) 773
United Fruit Company 492, 686
United Kingdom – seeBritain
United Nations 292, 593, 600,
933; origin of 298–299; Charter
299, 357; and Palestine 434;
Russian intransigence 357; and
Iran 364; and Korea 407, 409;
and Israel 434, 453–454; and
Arab-Israeli war 434–437 and
Suez 448, 451; and Kashmir
631; and Resolution 459, 461;
and Vietnam 557; and
Kampuchea 600; and Africa
739–740, 743–744, 751, 773;
and Cyprus 874; and Yugoslav
conflict 919–920; resolutions on
Iraq and Israel 917; and Gulf
War 913–916; and second Iraq
war 931–932; reforms 933, 953
United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration
(UNRRA) 319, 348, 355
United States of America
foreign relations
emergence as world power 4,
65–72; imperialism 69–70,
195; special relationship
with China 72, 195, 196;
and Pacific 70–72, 197,
272–275, 285–287,
303–305
First World War 94–95, 110
and peace treaty 114,
116–126; repudiates Treaty
of Guarantee and League of
Nations 118, 124–125
inter-war years 140–142;
disarmament 141; ‘America
first’ 142, 929; reparations
138, 142, 155, 164, 184,
188; establishes diplomatic
relations with the Soviet
Union (1933) 179; Open
Door policy 195; approach
of war with Japan 256–262
Second World War 252–253,
262–263, 273–274, 279,
284–305; Lend-Lease 252,
278, 355–356, 332–333;
aid to Russia 261; casualties
275; atomic research 277,
299, 304; black servicemen
280; post war frontiers
284–285, 291–292, 293,
295, 548; and United
Nations Charter 298–299,
301, 357; and occupied
Germany 312–313, 363,
372–373; withdrawal of
armed forces from Europe
356; Berlin blockade
371–374 and economic
reconstruction 520; as
world’s banker 355,
366–367; and United
Nations 357; occupation of
Japan 359–362, 647; and
China 356, 357–359,
491–492, 538, 618–619;
aim to combat communism
in Asia 380–381, 388, 494,
496, 500, 557–560,
562–563, 647
confrontation with the
Soviet Union 362–368,
373–374, 567–576;
economic aid to Europe
366–368; and future of
Germany 371–376;
reappraisal of policies
(1947) 374; and NATO
374, 543; relationship with
Canada 375, 823;
decolonisation 380, 381;
and Vietnam 388–389,557–559, 583–586,
601–606, 791–792; and
Korea 406–414, 491, 928;
and Middle East 364,
443–452, 455, 457–459,
461, 825–826, 928,
929–936; and Latin
America 565, 690–691,
706, 707, 709, 710–711,
713–714, 818, 826
and nuclear deterrent
469–470, 494, 495, 537,
576, 795, 818–819, 826,
929; end of détente with
the Soviet Union 484; and
Cuba 559, 564–565; and
Cuban missile crisis
567–578; and West
Germany 511, 520, 543;
aid to Western Europe
520, 548; continued
alliance with Britain 537,
545, 574–575; and Third
World 557–560, 561, 562;
new policy on China
618–619, 654, 791; aid to
Pakistan 635; and Japanese
rehabilitation 647; and
Vietnam 583–586,
601–606; and climate
change 929; Kyoto Treaty
929; new détente with the
Soviet Union 783,
818–819; nuclear missile
agreement 783, 795, 801,
818, 835; arms control
818–819; and Haiti 822;
and Yugoslavia 824; and
North Korea 928; and war
on terror 927–930
US politics and social conditions
68–69
population growth 65;
immigration policies 10,
65–67, 85, 141; ethnic
minorities 66, 353; social
tensions 67; Prohibition
141, 166; inter-war years
164–167; and depression
164; New Deal 164–170,
354; welfare policies 166,
582–583, 565, 929; and
economic reconstruction
331–332, 353–355; civil
rights 488–490, 578–582,
584; ‘red scare’ 413–414;
social reform 561,