A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

from South Africa to what was Southern Rhodesia

(Zimbabwe) or those where mineral wealth had

attracted European immigration.

The white farming settler families, some of

whom have been in Africa for generations, or the

Dutch, English and Indian immigrants who had

built up a modern industrial society as in South

Africa, the majority of them born in Africa, regard

Africa as their homeland too. The whites and

Asians in South Africa constitute a large minority

(whites about one in five, Asian rather less than

one in twenty-five, and of mixed race, the so-called

coloureds, one in ten). There and in the Belgian

Congo (as formerly in Southern Rhodesia), the

whites owned most of the useful land and wealth.

A transfer of power, enabling the black majority to

rule the country, threatened the white Africans not

only with a loss of political power but also with

1

THE END OF WHITE RULE IN WEST AFRICA 723

ATLANTIC OCEAN

MOROCCO

1956

SENEGAL 1960

GAMBIA 1965

GUINEA-BISSAU

(^1974) GUINEA
1958
SIERRA LEONE 1961
LIBERIA 1848
IVORY COAST 1960
GABON
1960
CONGO
1960
GHANA 1957TOGO 1960
DAHOMEY 1960CAMEROON 1960
EQUATORIAL GU
INEA 1968
SPAIN
0 500 1,000 miles
Rabat
Nouakchott
Dakar
Conakry
Freetown
Monrovia
Abidjan
Accra Lagos
Algiers
Tunis
Tripoli
Cairo
Khartoum
Fort Lamy
Mogadishu
Nairobi
Brazzaville
Libreville
Kinshasa
Lusaka
Pretoria
Cape Town
Tananarive
Salisbury
Addis Ababa
WESTERN
SAHARA
MAURITANIA
1960
ALGERIA
1962
MALI
1960
UPPER VOLTA
1960
NIGER
1960
NIGERIA
1960
ANGOLA
1975
NAMIBIA
1990
BOTSWANA^1966
ZAMBIA
1964
CHAD
1960
LIBYA
1951
TUNISIA 1956
TURKEY
IRAN
SAUDI
ARABIA
ERITREA
1993
DJIBOUTI
1977
SOMALI
REPUBLIC
1960
TANZANIA
1961/4
SUDAN
1956
AFRICAN CENTRAL
REPUBLIC
1960
KENYA
1963
MALAWI 1964
MALAGASY
REPUBLIC
1960
ZIMBABWE
1980
SWAZILAND
1968
LESOTHO
1966
SOUTH
AFRICA
1909
MAURITIUS
1968
ZAIRE
(CONGO)
1960
RWUANDA
1962
BURUNDI
1962
UGANDA 1962
ETHIOPIA
since ancient
times
EGYPT
UNITED ARAB
REPUBLIC
1958
Dar es Salaam
INDIAN
OCEAN
M
OZ
AM
BIQ
UE
197
5
The emergence of independence in Africa, 1970