244 Chapter 15 Infonnation packaging in the clause[13] a. The town boasts a great beach. b. *A great beach is boasted by the town.
11 a. Max lacks tact. b. *Tact is lacked by Max.
III a. Jill has three wondeiful kids. b. *Three wondeiful kids are had by Jilt.
IV a. The jug holds three litres. b. *Three litres are held by the jug.Boast and lack occur only in active clauses. Have occurs in passive constructions,
in its dynamic sense, as in She was happy to find there was both water and gas to be
had. Hold occurs in passives like It was held in place by duct tape, but not where it
means "contain".
2.5 Passives of ditransitive actives
Ditransitive clauses have two objects. Usually the passive of a ditransi
tive has a subject corresponding to the first one, the indirect object. However, some
speakers (BrE rather than AmE) have an alternative passive construction, illustrated
by [14iib], in which the subject corresponds to the direct object ofthe active ditran
sitive, but the passive of the construction with one object and a pp complement, as
in [14iiib], is widely preferred over it:
[ 1 4] a. The boss gave me the key.
ii a. The boss gave me the key.
III a. The boss gave the key to me.2.6 Prepositional passives
b. I was given the key by the boss.
b. %The key was given me by the boss.
b. The key was given to me by the boss.The subject of a passive may correspond to an object of a preposition
rather than of the verb (we cite short passives in [15] for greater naturalness; the [b]
examples are not exactly equivalent to the actives shown in [a]):
[ 1 5] a. Pe ople are looking into the matter.
ii a. They took advantage gf us.
iii a. Someone has slept in this bed.b. The matter is being looked into.b. We were taken advantage qJ.
b. Th is bed has been slept in.In the [b] examples the doubly underlined preposition is stranded: no actual com
plement follows it, but an understood complement is retrievable from the subject.
Clauses of this kind are called prepositional passives. Two sUbtypes can be distin
guished.(a) Specified preposition
In [15i-ii] the preposition is specified by the preceding verb or verbal idiom. Look
is a prepositional verb (see Ch. 7, §7.2) specifying into as preposition for the mean
ing "investigate", and the idiom take advantage specifies of This type of passive
has lexical restrictions on its availability: some verbs or verbal idioms pennit the