E
Burn (2; FAD; PHR; PH2; WHO); Cancer (1; FAD; PNC; WHO); Cancer, colon (1; APA);
Cancer, liver (1; APA); Candida (1; BGB; FNF; MAM; SKY; WHO); Canker Sore (1; FAD;
SKY); CFS (1; BGB); Chemotherapy (1; MAB); Cholecystosis (1; CAN); Cold (2; FAD; PHR;
PH2; WAM; WHO); Cold Sore (1; APA); Colic (f; DEM); Conjunctivosis (1; APA); Cough (2;
PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; CAN; DEM; PHR); Crohn’s Disease (1; SKY); Cystosis (1; APA; CAN);
Dermatosis (1; PNC; WHO); Diabetes (f; MAB); Diphtheria (f; MAB); Dysentery (1; MAB);
Dyspepsia (f; APA); Eczema (1; APA; PNC; WHO); Fever (2; PHR; PH2); Fit (f; DEM); Flu
(2; APA; KOM; PH2; WAM); Fungus (1; FAD; PED); Furunculosis (1; BGB; CAN; MAB);
Gastrosis (f; DEM; PHR); Gingivosis (1; APA; SKY); Goiter (1; MAB); Gonorrhea (1; PHR;
PH2); Headache (1; BGB; PHR; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; APA); Herpes (1; FAD; PHR; PH2;
WHO); HIV (1; BGB; JAD); Immunodepression (2; CAN; PHR; PH2; SKY; WAM; WHO);
Infection (2; FAD; PED; PH2; SKY; WHO); Inflammation (1; BGB; DEM; FNF; PH2; WAM;
WHO); Leishmaniasis (1; MAB; PH2); Leukopenia (1; PHR); Listeria (1; MAM); Lyme Disease
(1; JAD); Mastosis (1; MAB); Measles (f; PHR; PH2); Meningosis (1; APA); Migraine (f; APA);
Mumps (1; APA; DEM); Myalgia (f; DEM); Mycosis (1; FAD; PED); Neck (f; DEM); Nephr-
orrhagia (f; MAB); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (1; JAD; SKY); Pain (1; DEM; FNF; PED;
PH2); Pertussis (1; APA); Pharyngosis (2; BGB; PHR; PH2; PNC); Psoriasis (1; APA; MAB);
Pyorrhea (1; CAN); Radiotherapy (f; WHO); Respirosis (2; APA; PH2; PIP; WHO); Rheumatism
(1; APA; DEM; WHO); Rhinosis (1; CAN); Scarlet Fever (1; MAB); Septicemia (1; MAB; PNC);
Sinusosis (1; BGB; MAB); Smallpox (f; DEM); Snakebite (f; APA; FAD); Sore (2; APA; KOM;
PH2; WHO); Sore Throat (1; APA; DEM; FAD; WAM); Spider Bite (f; FAD); Staphylococcus
(1; PH2); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stomatosis (2; PHR; PH2; WHO); Swelling (1; PHR; PH2;
WHO); Syphilis (f; MAB); Thirst (1; DEM); Tonsilosis (1; APA; PNC); Toothache (1; APA;
FAD); Trichomoniasis (1; MAB); Tuberculosis (1; APA; MAB); Tumor (1; PNC; WHO); Typhus
(1; MAB); UTI (2; CAN; KOM; PH2; PHR; PIP; WOI); Vaginosis (1; BGB); Varicosis (1; WHO);
VD (1; PH2); Virus (1; APA; PH2; WAM; WHO); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (2; FAD; KOM;
PHR; PH2; PIP; WHO); Yeast (1; APA; BGB). Note: Commission E recommended only E.
pallida root and E. purpurea leaf (KOM, p. 61).
Dosages (Echinacea) — 1–2 tbsp fresh root (PED); 3 g dry root (PED); 3 g dry root:15 ml
alcohol/15 mg water (PED); 2 tsp root/cup water to 3 ×/day (APA); 1–2 g root as tea 3 ×/day
(CAN); 0.25–1 ml liquid root extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 10–30 drops root tincture
3 ×/day; 1–2 droppers tincture (APA); 1–2 ml herb tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3 ×/day (CAN);
300–400 mg solid extract (APA); 2 (500 mg) capsules (StX to contain 125 mg certified potency
Echinacea angustifolia root extract with at least 3.2–4.8% echinacoside, in a base of Parthenium
integrifolium root, E. angustifolia root, and E. purpurea root) 2–3 ×/day (NH); 2–3 (420 mg)
capsules 2–3 ×/day.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Echinacea) — Class 1 (AHP). I don’t worry
about levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as low as 60 ppm; isotussilagine and tussilagine
have been reported at levels of up to 60 ppm in pallid and purple coneflower (these PAs are
unlikely to cause any liver damage). Commission E reports contraindications: progressive sys-
temic diseases (e.g., AIDS, collagenosis, HIV, leucopathy, leukosis, multiple sclerosis, tubercu-
losis, and other autoimmune diseases) (KOM). No side effects or interactions with other drugs
reported (KOM). But, “There are no contraindications or adverse effects reported for echinacea
products taken orally” (KOM, p. 61). People with asthma, eczema, or hay fever may prove
allergic to Echinacea (WAM). Should not be used for more than 2–8 weeks, according to many
authors. Other sources report contraindications: inclination to hypersensitivity, pregnancy;
adverse effects: metabolic worsening in diabetic patients, dose-dependent chills, fever, nausea,
vomiting, acute allergic reactions (AHP; Commission E). O’Brien contraindicates for autoim-
mune disorders (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroidosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus).
According to Parnham (1996), doses 1000 times greater than normally used may be immuno-