Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology

GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE 97

Cytisus scoparius

Scotch broomFabaceae

Diospyros virginiana

PersimmonEbenaceae

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Russian oliveElaeagnaceae

Euonymus alatus

Winged euonymusCelastraceae

Fagus grandifoliaF. sylvatica

BeechFagaceae

Fraxinus americanaF. excelsiorF. nigraF. ornusF. pennsylvanica

AshOleaceae

BES DT

DS or DT

DS DTDT DTDTDTDTDT

Sept. Oct.–Nov.Aug.–winterAug.–Sept. Oct.–Nov.Oct.–Nov. Oct.–Nov.Oct.–Nov.Sept.Oct.–Nov.Oct.–Nov.

10+ years at 5

C

1–3 years at 5

C

and 6–14%moisturecontent

Moist, cold

storage

3 

years at^15

C and

8–10%moisturecontent

7 

years at 5°Cand 7–10%moisturecontent

Repeated hot

water soaks or30 min inH

SO 2

. 4

(^13) 2–3 22
2–3 2–3 3–4^332333 2–6
Outdoor fall sowing may
replace scarification.
Collect fruits just as capsules
start to split. Store moist.Drying reducesgermination. Do not allowseeds to dry; sow outdoorsimmediately to germinatein spring.
Separate sound seeds by
flotation method; seedshould not dry out.
Fall sow outside or treat as
soon as possible aftercollecting.
See note 6.Collect and treat or sow as
soon after ripening aspossible. Older seedbecomes more dormant.See note 5.
Double stratification needed
(warm moist and coolmoist) for
F. nigra
and
F.
pennsylvanica

. Seeds

sown outdoor require 2–8yr to germinate.

continues