Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology

34. D Kummongkol, GS Canterford, C Fryer. Accumulation of heavy metals in unicellular algae. Biotechnol Bio-
    eng 4:2643–2660, 1982.


35. GW Garnham, GA Codd, GM Gadd. Kinetics of uptake and intracellular location of cobalt, manganese and
    zinc in the estuarine green alga Chlorella salina. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 37:270–276, 1992.


36. H Freundlich. Colloid and Capillary Chemistry. London: Methuen, 1929.


37. D Neumann, UZ Nieder, O Lichtenberger, I Leopold. How does Armeria maritimatolerate high heavy metal
    concentration? J Plant Physiol 146:704–717, 1995.


38. G Scatchard. The attraction of proteins for small molecules and ions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 51:660–672, 1949.


39. J Molas. Ultrastructural response of cabbage outer leaf mesophyll cells (Brassica oleraceaL.) to excess of
    nickel. Acta Soc Bot Pol 66:307–317, 1997.


40. RR Brooks, J Lee, RD Reeves, T Jaffre. Detection of nickeliferous rocks by analysis of herbarium specimens
    of indicator plants. J Geochem Explor 7:49–77, 1977.


41. SD Cunningham, DW Ow. Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiol 110:715–719, 1996.


42. H Küpper, FJ Zhao, SP McGrath. Cellular compartmentation of zinc in leaves of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi
    caerulescens. Plant Physiol 119:305–311, 1999.


43. MD Vazquez, C Poschenrieder, J Barcelo, AJM Baker, P Hatton, GH Cope. Compartmentation of zinc in roots
    and leaves of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. J C Presl Bot Acta 107:243–250, 1994.


44. EY Zolotukhina. Change of microelement balance and photosynthesis of seaweeds under the action of heavy
    metals. Vestn Mosk Univ Ser XVI Biol (1) 71:46–54, 1995.


45. E Fourest, B Volesky. Alginate properties and heavy metal biosorption by marine algae. Appl Biochem
    Biotechnol 67:33–44, 1997.


46. SC Miyasaka, RK Buta, RK Howell, CD Foy. Mechanisms of aluminium tolerance in snapbeans: root exuda-
    tion of citric acid. Plant Physiol 96:737–743, 1991.


47. DC Foy, EH Lee, SB Wilding. Differential aluminium tolerance of two barley cultivars related to organic acids
    in their roots. J Plant Nutr 10:1089–1101, 1987.


48. PR Ryan, E Delhaize, PJ Randall. Characterization of Al-stimulated efflux of malate from the apices of Al-tol-
    erant wheat roots. Planta 196:103–110, 1995.


49. LRM de Andrade, M Ikeda, J Ishizuka. Stimulation of organic acid excretion by roots of aluminium-tolerant
    and aluminium sensitive wheat varieties under aluminium stress. Rev Bras Fisiol Veg 9:27–34, 1997.


50. DM Pellet, DL Grunes, LV Kochian. Organic exudation as an aluminium tolerance mechanism in maize. Planta
    196:788–795, 1995.


51. JW Moffett, RG Zika, LE Brand. Distribution and potential sources and sinks of copper chelators in the Sar-
    gasso Sea. Deep Sea Res 37:27–36, 1990.


52. JW Moffett, LE Brand. Production of some extracellular Cu chelator by marine cyanobacteria in response to
    Cu stress. Limnol Oceanogr 41:388–395, 1996.


53. E Grill, EL Winnacker, MH Zenk. Phytochelatins, a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides from plants, are
    functionally analogous to metallothioneins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:439–443, 1987.


54. MH Zenk. Heavy-metal detoxification in higher plants. A review. Gene 179:21–30, 1996.


55. E Grill, EL Winnacker, MH Zenk. Occurrence of heavy metal binding phytochelatins in plants growing in a
    mining refuse area. Experentia 44:539–540, 1988.


56. JG Lee, BA Ahner, FMM Morel. Export of cadmium and phytochelatin by the marine diatom Thalassiosira
    weissflogii. Environ Sci Technol 30:1814–1821, 1996.


57. P Foster. Concentrations and concentration factors of heavy metals in brown algae. Environ Pollut 10:45–53,
    1976.


58. AAH Vieira, OR Nascimento. An EPR determination of copper complexation by excreted high molecular com-
    pounds of Ankistrodesmus densus(Chlorophyceae). J Plankton Res 10:1313–1315, 1988.


59. HS Lee, B Volesky. Interaction of light metals and protons with seaweed biosorbent. Water Res 31:3082–3088,
    1997.


60. O Skipnes, T Roald, A Huang. Uptake of zinc and strontium by brown algae. Physiol Plant 43:314–320, 1975.


61. AT Lombardi, AAH Vieira. Lead and copper toxicity to Nephrocytium lunatum(Chlorophyceae) and their
    complexation with excreted material. Rev Microbiol 29:44–48, 1988.


62. AT Lombardi, AAH Vieira. Copper and lead complexation by high molecular weight compounds produced by
    Synurasp. (Chrysophyceae). Phycologia 37:34–39, 1988.


63. AT Lombardi, AAH Vieira. Lead- and copper-complexing extracellular ligands released by Kirchneriella
    aperta(Chloroccocales, Chlorophyta). Phycologia 38:283–288, 1999.


64. LF De Filippis LF, CK Pallaghy. The effect of sub-lethal concentrations of mercury and zinc on Chlorella. III.
    Development and possible mechanisms of resistance to metals. Z Pflanzenphysiol 79:323–335, 1976.


65. IE Eide, S Myklestad, S Melsom. Long-term uptake and release of heavy metals by Ascophyllum nodosum(L.)
    Le Jol. (Phaeophyceae) in situ. Environ Pollut (Ser A) 23:19–28, 1980.


66. CA Whitelaw, JA Le Huquet, DA Thurman, AB Tomsett. The isolation and characterisation of type II metal-
    lothionein-like genes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumL.). Plant Mol Biol 33:503–511, 1997.


67. CA Morris, B Nicolaus, V Sampson, JL Harwood, P Kille. Identification and characterization of a recombinant
    metallothionein protein from a marine alga, Fucus vesiculosus. Biochem J 338:553–560, 1999.

HOW PLANTS ADAPT TO EXCESS OF METALS 759