Fractalkine:Achemokineexpressedby
endothelialcells;haseffectsoninflam-
mationandotherprocesse.
Freund’s adjuvant(FA): Awater-in-oil
emulsion.CompleteFAcontainskilled
Mycobacteriumtuberculosis,whilstin-
completeFAdoesnot.
GALT:Gut-associatedlymphoidtissue.
Gammaglobulins: The serum fraction
whichmigratesmostrapidlytowards
the anode during electrophoresis.
Containsallfiveclassesofimmunoglo-
bulins.
Geldiffusiontest:Immunoprecipitation
test;Antigensandantibodiesdiffuse
towardsoneanother,formingastain-
ableprecipitateattheequivalence
zone(Ouchterlonytest).
Germline:Thegeneticmaterialofga-
metes.Mutationsinthegermline,un-
likesomaticmutations,areinherited
byprogeny.
GVH:Graft-versus-hostreaction;rejection
ofhosttissuebytransplantedcells.
H-2:Mainhistocompatibilitycomplexof
mice.
Haplotype:Thesetofgeneticdetermi-
nantspresentononechromosome
orchromosomeset.
Hapten:Asmallmoleculewhichcanfunc-
tionasanepitopebyitself,without
beingcoupledtoacarrier,butwhich
alonedoesnotelicitanantibodyre-
sponse.
Helpercells:TheCD4+subclassofTcells
whicharefunctionallyimportantforB
cells,andwhichreleasecytokines;a
singlehelperT-cellcloneisspecific
foronepeptidepresentedbyaspecific
MHCclassIImolecule.
Hereditaryangioedema:Resultofcon-
genitalC 1 inhibitordeficiency.
Heterologous:Belongingtoanotherspe-
cies.
HEV:Highendothelialvenules;theseare
specializedtoallowthemovement
oflymphocytesfromthebloodinto
thelymphnodes.
Highresponder:Individuals(orinbred
strains)whichexhibitastrongimmune
responseagainstadefinedantigen.
Hingeregion:Thesegmentofanimmu-
noglobulinheavychainwhichliesbe-
tweentheFcandFabregions.
Histocompatibility:Qualitywhichdeter-
minesrulesofacceptanceorrejection
ofatransplant.
HLA:Humanleukocyteantigencodedfor
bythehumanmajorhistocompatibil-
itygenecomplex(MHC).
Homologous:Belongingtothesamespe-
cies.
Humoral:Anyfactorpresentwithinextra-
cellular body fluids (e.g. serum,
lymph).
HVG:Host-versus-graftreaction.Rejection
oftransplantedcellsbyhosttissue.
Hybridoma:Anantigen-specificBcellthat
hasbeensuccessfullyfusedwitha
myelomacell.
Hypervariableregion:Thethreemost
variablesegmentspresentwithinthe
Vdomainsofimmunoglobulinsand
T-cellreceptors.
Idiotype:Theantigeniccharacteristicof
theABSregionofanantibody.
IFN: Interferons; cellular derived sub-
stanceswhichcontributetononspeci-
ficcellularresistance,particularlywith
regardtoviralinfections.
IL: Interleukins; short-lived substances
whichmediatethetransferofinfor-
mationbetweendistinctcells(both
oftheimmunesystemandothertis-
sues).
Immunecomplex:Theproductofananti-
gen-antibodyreaction;mayalsocon-
taincomponentsofthecomplement
system.
Immuneparalysis:Temporaryinabilityto
produceaspecificimmuneresponse
usuallyresultingfromthepresence
ofexcessiveantigen.
Immunity:Activelyorpassivelyacquired
immuneprotectionagainstpathogens
andotherantigens.
Immunoconglutinins: Auto-antibodies
directedagainstcomplementcompo-
nents.
Immunofluorescence:Renderingcertain
antigensvisiblebybindingofaspecific
fluorescence-labeledantibody.
Glossary 141
2
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Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme
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