Medical Microbiology

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Contents XIX



  • andImmunology

    • GeneralAspectsofMedicalMicrobiology

    • TheHistoryofInfectiousDiseases.................................. F.H.Kayser

      • ThePast.....................................................

      • TheHenle–KochPostulates................................

      • ThePresent.................................................



    • Pathogens...........................................................

      • SubcellularInfectiousEntities.............................

      • ProkaryoticandEukaryoticMicroorganisms..............

      • Bacteria.....................................................

      • FungiandProtozoa.........................................

      • Animals.....................................................



    • Host–PathogenInteractions.........................................

      • BasicTerminologyofInfectiology..........................

      • DeterminantsofBacterialPathogenicityandVirulence...

        • Adhesion................................................

        • InvasionandSpread....................................

        • StrategiesagainstNonspecificImmunity..............

        • StrategiesagainstSpecificImmunity..................

        • ClinicalDisease.........................................

        • RegulationofBacterialVirulence......................

        • TheGeneticsofBacterialPathogenicity...............



      • DefensesagainstInfection.................................

        • NonspecificDefenseMechanisms......................

        • SpecificDefenseMechanisms..........................

        • DefectsinImmuneDefenses...........................



      • NormalFlora................................................

      • B-CellEpitopesandB-CellProliferation...............

      • MonoclonalAntibodies.................................

      • T-IndependentBCellResponses.......................



    • TCells.......................................................

      • T-CellActivation........................................

      • T-CellActivationbySuperantigens....................



    • InteractionsbetweenCellsoftheImmuneSystem.......

      • Collaboration...........................................

      • SubpopulationsofTHelperCells......................

      • CytotoxicTCells(CD8+TCells)........................

      • Cytokines(Interleukins)andAdhesion................

      • NaturalKillerCells..................................... Antibody-DependentCellularImmunityand

      • Mechanisms............................................ Humoral,Antibody-DependentEffector



    • TheComplementSystem...................................

    • ImmunologicalCellDeath..................................



  • ImmunologicalTolerance...........................................

    • T-CellTolerance............................................

    • B-CellTolerance............................................



  • ImmunologicalMemory............................................

    • B-CellMemory.............................................

    • T-CellMemory..............................................



  • ImmuneDefensesagainstInfectionandTumorImmunity.........

    • GeneralRulesApplyingtoInfectionDefenses............

    • ImmuneProtectionandImmunopathology..............

      • ImmuneDefenses..................................... InfluenceofProphylacticImmunizationonthe



    • TumorImmunity..........................................



  • ThePathologicalImmuneResponse................................

    • TypeI:IgE-TriggeredAnaphylaxis........................

    • TypeII:CytotoxicHumoralImmuneResponses..........

      • AutoantibodyResponses..............................

      • Anti-bloodGroupAntibodyReactions................



    • TypeIII:DiseasesCausedbyImmuneComplexes........

    • TypeIV:Cell-mediatedImmunopathology...............



  • TransplantationImmunity.........................................

  • ImmuneDefectsandImmuneResponseModulation..............

    • ImmuneDefects

      • Immunoregulation........................................

        • Immunostimulation...................................

        • Immunosuppression...................................

        • AdaptiveImmunotherapy.............................





    • ImmunologicalTestMethods......................................

      • AntigenandAntibodyAssays.............................

        • ImmunoprecipitationinLiquidsandGels............

        • AgglutinationReactions...............................

        • ComplementFixationTest(CFT)......................

        • DirectandIndirectImmunofluorescence.............

        • ImmunologicalTests.................................. RadioimmunologicalandEnzyme



      • In-VitroCellularImmunityReactions....................

        • IsolationofLymphocytes..............................

        • LymphocyteFunctionTests...........................







  • II Bacteriology

    • GeneralBacteriology

    • TheMorphologyandFineStructureofBacteria................... F.H.Kayser

      • BacterialForms............................................

      • FineStructuresofBacteria................................

        • Nucleoid(NucleusEquivalent)andPlasmids.........

        • Cytoplasm.............................................

        • TheCytoplasmicMembrane..........................

        • CellWall...............................................

        • Capsule................................................

        • Flagella.................................................

        • AttachmentPili(Fimbriae),ConjugationPili.........

        • Biofilm.................................................

        • BacterialSpores........................................





    • ThePhysiologyofMetabolismandGrowthinBacteria............

      • BacterialMetabolism......................................

        • TypesofMetabolism..................................

        • CatabolicReactions....................................

        • AnabolicReactions....................................

        • MetabolicRegulation..................................





    • GrowthandCulturingofBacteria........................

      • Nutrients...............................................

      • GrowthandCellDeath................................





  • TheMolecularBasisofBacterialGenetics.........................

    • TheStructureofBacterialDNA...........................

    • DNAReplication...........................................

    • TranscriptionandTranslation.............................

    • RegulationofGeneExpression...........................



  • TheGeneticVariabilityofBacteria................................

    • MolecularMechanismsofGeneticVariability............

      • SpontaneousMutation................................

      • Recombination.........................................



    • IntercellularMechanismsofGeneticVariability..........

      • Transformation........................................

      • Transduction...........................................

      • Conjugation............................................

      • Restriction,Modification,andGeneCloning.........





  • Bacteriophages.....................................................

    • Definition..................................................

    • Morphology................................................

    • Composition...............................................

    • Reproduction..............................................

    • Lysogeny...................................................



  • ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy...............................

    • Definitions.................................................

    • SpectrumofAction........................................

    • Efficacy....................................................

    • MechanismsofAction.....................................

    • Pharmacokinetics..........................................

    • SideEffects................................................

    • TheProblemofResistance................................

      • Definitions.............................................

      • Incidence,Significance................................

      • ResistanceMechanisms...............................

      • EvolutionofResistancetoAnti-InfectiveAgents.....

      • ResistanceTests........................................



    • CombinationTherapy.....................................

    • Chemoprophylaxis.........................................

    • Immunomodulators.......................................



  • LaboratoryDiagnosis..............................................

    • Preconditions,GeneralMethods,Evaluation.............

      • Preconditions..........................................

      • GeneralMethodsandEvaluation.....................



    • SamplingandTransportofTestMaterial.................

    • Microscopy................................................

    • CulturingMethods........................................

    • IdentificationofBacteria..................................

    • MolecularMethods........................................

    • DirectDetectionofBacterialAntigens....................

    • DiagnosticAnimalTests...................................

    • BacteriologicalLaboratorySafety.........................

    • TaxonomyandOverviewofHumanPathogenicBacteria..........

      • Classification...............................................

      • Nomenclature.............................................







    • BacteriaasHumanPathogens

    • Staphylococcus..................................................... F.H.Kayser

      • Staphylococcusaureus................................

      • Coagulase-NegativeStaphylococci(CNS).............



    • StreptococcusandEnterococcus...................................

      • Streptococcuspyogenes(AStreptococci).............

      • Streptococcuspneumoniae(Pneumococci)...........

      • Streptococcusagalactiae(BStreptococci).............

      • OralStreptococci......................................

      • Enterococcus(Enterococci)............................



    • Gram-Positive,AnaerobicCocci....................................

    • Bacillus.............................................................

      • Bacillusanthracis(Anthrax)...........................



    • Clostridium........................................................

      • (ClostridialMyonecrosis)andAnaerobicCellulitis... ThePathogensThatCauseGasGangrene

      • Clostridiumtetani(Tetanus)..........................

      • Clostridiumbotulinum(Botulism)....................

      • Clostridiumdifficile(PseudomembranousColitis)...



    • Listeria,Erysipelothrix,andGardnerella...........................

      • Listeriamonocytogenes...............................

      • Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae..........................

      • Gardnerellavaginalis..................................





  • Corynebacterium,Actinomyces,OtherGram-PositiveRodBacteria

    • Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae(Diphtheria)...........

    • Actinomyces...........................................

    • OtherGram-PositiveRodBacteria....................



  • Mycobacterium....................................................

    • TuberculosisBacteria(TB).............................

    • LeprosyBacteria(LB)..................................

    • NontuberculousMycobacteria(NTM).................



  • Nocardia...........................................................

  • Neisseria,Moraxella,andAcinetobacter...........................

    • Neisseriagonorrheae(Gonorrhea)....................

    • Neisseriameningitidis(Meningitis,Sepsis)...........

    • MoraxellaandAcinetobacter..........................



  • Enterobacteriaceae,Overview......................................

  • Salmonella(Gastroenteritis,TyphoidFever,ParatyphoidFever)...

  • Shigella(BacterialDysentery).....................................

  • Yersinia(Plague,Enteritis).........................................

    • Yersiniapestis.........................................

    • pseudotuberculosis.................................... YersiniaenterocoliticaandYersinia



  • Escherichiacoli....................................................

  • OpportunisticEnterobacteriaceae..................................

  • Vibrio,Aeromonas,andPlesiomonas..............................

    • Vibriocholerae(Cholera)..............................

    • OtherVibrioBacteria..................................

    • AeromonasandPlesiomonas..........................



  • HaemophilusandPasteurella......................................

    • Haemophilusinfluenzae..............................

    • HaemophilusducreyiandHaemophilusaegyptius..

    • Pasteurella.............................................



  • Gram-NegativeRodBacteriawithLowPathogenicPotential......

  • Campylobacter,Helicobacter,Spirillum............................

    • Campylobacter.........................................

    • Helicobacterpylori....................................

    • Spirillumminus.......................................



  • Pseudomonas,Stenotrophomonas,Burkholderia...................

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