K xl Encyclopedia of Islam
935
¶ Death of al-Ashari, Sunni theologian, in Bagh-
dad.
939
¶ Twelfth Imam enters Greater Occultation accord-
ing to Twelve-Imam Shii doctrine.
941
¶ Death of al-Maturidi, Sunni theologian, in
Samarqand.
950
¶ Death of the philosopher al-Farabi.
951
¶ Qarmati Shiis return the Black Stone to the
Kaaba.
969
¶ Beginning of Fatimid Ismaili Caliphate in Egypt;
Cairo founded.
970
¶ Fatimids found Al-Azhar mosque-university in
Cairo.
997–1030
¶ Reign of Mahmud of Ghazna, who raids north-
west India (Punjab, 1001–21) and puts the con-
quered territories under Islamic authority in the
name of the Abbasid caliph.
1021
¶ The Fatimid caliph al-Hakim disappears/dies;
Druze religion begins.
1037
¶ Death of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), philosopher and
physician.
1062
¶ Almoravids conquer Morocco.1064
¶ Death of Ibn Hazm, Andalusian jurist and
scholar.1067
¶ Nizam al-Mulk founds the Nizamiyya, a Shafii
college, in Baghdad.1071
¶ Battle of Manzikert, a decisive defeat of Byzan-
tine armies by Seljuq Turks.1086
¶ Almoravids conquer Andalusia.1091
¶ Normans recapture Sicily and end Muslim rule
there.1096
¶ Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade to
conquer Jerusalem.1099
¶ Crusaders capture Jerusalem, ending the First
Crusade.1111
¶ Death of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, philosopher
and theologian.1145
¶ Almohad dynasty establishes foothold in Anda-
lusia.
¶ Pope launches Second Crusade.