Further reading: Zeynep Celik, The Remaking of Istan-
bul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Cen-
tury (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993);
John Freely, Istanbul the Imperial City (London: Viking,
1996); Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of
the Ottoman Empire (Norman: University of Oklahoma
Press, 1963); Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the
City (New York: Vintage, 2006).Istanbul 385 J