Encyclopedia of Islam

Chronology xlv J

1901

¶ French forces occupy Morocco.

1905

¶ Death of Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian religious
scholar and reformer.
¶ Massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey.

1905–11

¶ Constitutional revolution in Iran.

1906

¶ All-India Muslim League founded in India.

1909

¶ Establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Com-
pany.

1912

¶ The beginning of the Muhammadiyya reform
movement in Indonesia.

1916

¶ Sykes-Picot agreement signed, defining British
and French spheres of influence in the post–
World War I Middle East.

1916–18

¶ Sharif Husayn of Mecca leads Arab Revolt
against the Ottoman Empire.

1920

¶ Syria and Lebanon become French mandate
territories.

1921

¶ Faysal ibn Husayn is made king of Iraq.
¶ Abd Allah ibn Husayn becomes king of Trans-
jordan.

1922

¶ Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishes the Ottoman

Turkish sultanate.

1922–32

¶ Conquest of Libya by Italy.

1924

¶ The Turkish caliphate is abolished.

¶ Abd al-Aziz and his Wahhabi army conquer

Mecca and Medina.

1925

¶ End of the Qajar dynasty in Persia; Reza Khan

seizes power in Persia and establishes the

Pahlavi dynasty.

1928

¶ Turkey is declared a secular state and adopts

Latin alphabet.

¶ Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brother-

hood.

1932

¶ Iraq granted independence by League of

Nations.

¶ Creation of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

1935

¶ Iran becomes the official name of Persia.

¶ Death of Rashid Rida, Syrian religious

reformer.

1938

¶ Death of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of

modern Turkey.

¶ Standard Oil of California discovers oil in Saudi

Arabia.