Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Josef van
Ess, The Flowering of Muslim Theology (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2006); Oliver Leaman, An
Introduction to Classical Islamic Philosophy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002); Richard C. Martin
and Mark R. Woodward (with Dwi S. Atmaja), Defend-
ers of Reason: Mu’tazilism from Medieval School to Mod-
ern Symbol (Oxford: Oneworld, 1997); Harry Austryn
Wolfson, The Philosophy of Kalam (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1976).mysticism See asceticism; sufism; tariqa.
K 514 mysticism