with partial shade, are most suitable for their growth. They succeed
better as bushes than as espaliers or trained to walls. Cuttings of
the previous year's growth are taken in autumn and planted firmly 1
ft. by 6 in. apart. In two years shift every alternate plant so as to
allow room for expansion, and plant out finally to a distance of 5 ft.
In pruning the bushes, remember that the fruit is borne on the young
wood, therefore only sufficient should be cut away to allow of
the admission of air and sunshine and the further growth of young
branches. A portion of the old wood should be removed each year. Mulch
the roots, and keep the plants supplied with water in dry seasons.
Baldwin's Black, Ogden's Black, Black Naples, Lee's Prolific, James'
Prolific, and Old Black are among the best.
Red and White.--An open, sunny position is needed. The soil that
suits them best is a deeply-manured, stiff loam. They are readily
raised from cuttings--which should be as long and strong as
possible--taken in autumn. Cut away all the eyes except the three
uppermost ones, and plant firmly in rows 1 ft. by 6 in. apart.
Transplant at the end of the second year to a distance of 5 ft. apart.
While the plants are young cut out all the top centre branches,
cutting always to an outgrowing bud, so as to give a cylindrical form
to the bush. In further pruning leave the leading shoots untouched,
but shorten all others to 4 in. or 6 in., and cut out all old, mossy
wood. Towards the end of June is a good time for cutting the young
wood away. The fruit is produced on spurs. In the autumn of each year
carefully dig in a good dressing of half-rotted manure, in such a
manner as not to injure the roots. Among the leading red varieties are
the following:--Champagne, Cherry, Chiswick Red, Houghton Castle, Raby
Castle, and Red Dutch. Of the white fruit the White Dutch and the
Cut-leaved White are the leaders. In plantations they should stand
from 4 ft. to 6 ft. apart.
Currants, Flowering.--See "Ribes."
Cyanthus Lobatus--A small, but very beautiful procumbent perennial,
well adapted to fill moist places on rock-work if the situation is
open and sunny. A mixture of vegetable mould and sand suits it, and it
is best increased by cuttings placed in moist peat. It flowers in the
autumn, the flower-stems being from 6 in. to 1 ft. in length.
Cyanus(Cornflower).--Very pretty and free-blooming hardy annuals.
Sow the seed in the open in autumn for an early display of flowers,
or in March for a later one. Thin out to 2 ft. apart. Bloom in July.
Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Cyclamen.--Charming winter and spring blooming bulbous greenhouse
plants, which thrive in a mixture of sandy loam and vegetable mould.
They require a moist atmosphere and a uniform temperature not lower
than 50 degrees. They may be increased by seed sown in slight heat as
soon as it is ripe. Plant the bulbs in October, also in February and
March, placing them so that the crown is level with the top of the
pots. One full-sized bulb is sufficient for a 6-in. pot, which must be
provided with good drainage and placed on a layer of coal ashes that