Part 1. Pollutant Emissions (continued)Pollutant types Sources and abundance Abatement and control- Oxygenated Hydrocarbons: Like hydrocarbons,
these compounds make up an almost infinite array of
compounds which include alcohols, phenols, ethers,
aldehydes, ketones, esters, peroxides, and organic
acids, like carboxylic acids. Oxygenated hydro-
carbons are very commonly used in the paint
industry as solvents, and in the chemical industry as
reactants for many chemical products and
intermediates.
Oxygenated hydrocarbons have a two-fold environmental
problem. First, they are very reactive thus readily form
photochemical oxidants in the presence of sunlight
(light energy) and oxides of nitrogen; thus adding to
the tropospheric ozone problem.
Small amounts of oxygenated hydrocarbons are
emitted by industrial processes such as spray
paint coating, chemical and plastics industry.
The large majority of emissions of these
chemicals are associated with the internal
combustion engine. Table 6 shows some
typical concentrations, (parts per million), of
simple hydrocarbon fuels. The aldehydes are
the predominant oxygenates (these
compounds will be discussed in greater detail
in the following section) in emissions, but are
emitted in minor amounts when compared to
aliphatics and aromatics, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide
emissions.FROM MOBILE SOURCES:
Emissions resulting from the
evaporation of gasoline from fuel
tanks and carburetors can be limited
by storage of the vapors (within the
engine itself or in a carbon canister
which absorbs the fuel vapors) and
then routs the vapors back to the
tanks where they will be burned.
Controls also exist in the refueling
of automobiles and other sources.
These controls usually involve
pressurized vacuum hoses and
tighter seals at the filler pipe.TABLE 3
Summary of U.S. Methane Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 1994 Preliminary Estimates (thousand short
tons)Source Category 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994WASTE
Landfills 10,900 11,100 10,900 11,000 11,200
Wastewater 200 200 200 200 200
AGRICULTURE
Cattle 6,000 6,000 6,100 6,200 6,300
Other 300 300 300 300 300
Animal Waste
Dairy 900 900 900 900 1,000
Beef 200 200 200 200 200
Swine 1,100 1,100 1,200 1,100 1,300
Poultry 300 300 300 300 200
Other 40 40 40 40 40
Agricultural Waste Burning 100 100 100 100 100
Rice Cultivation 500 500 500 500 600
Total Agriculture 9400 9,500 9,700 9,700 10,200
FUGITIVE FUEL EMISSIONS
Coal Mining 4,900 4,700 4,500 4,000 4,400
Oil and Gas Systems 3,600 3,600 3,600 3,600 3,600
MOBILE SOURCE COMBUSTION 300 300 300 300 100
STATIONARY COMBUSTION 700 800 800 700 700
Total Emissions 29,900 30,100 30,000 29,500 30,600Note(s): Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to
rounding.
Source(s): Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1900–1994. Draft Report, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. September 1995.AIR POLLUTION SOURCES 75
C001_006_r03.indd 75C001_006_r03.indd 75 11/23/2005 9:42:36 AM11/23/2005 9: