Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

1004 PLANNING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING NATIONS

remains constant over the next fifteen to twenty years, eco-

nomic growth will allow investment to double in real terms,

to 30–40 billion a year.^13 Therefore, selection of appropriate

technology and service levels must be established in bring-

ing down the capital costs of water supply and sanitation

projects. It was also demonstrated in the first half of the

Decade that the biggest priority is correcting the inadequate

training of the operating personnel.^14

Selection of appropriate technology for use by the devel-

oping countries requires (1) understanding of the cultural

background, regional environmental conditions, and local

needs; (2) selection of appropriate systems that will be within

TABLE 1

Common disease associated with contaminated water and poor sanitation

Disease Common Vehicle

Water-borne diseases

Amoebic dysentery

Bacillary dysentery

Cholera

Criptospridiosis

Gastroenteritis

Giardiasis

Hepatitis

Leptospirosis

Paratyphoid fever

Salmonellosis

Typhoid

Diseases transmitted by ingesting contaminated water and food

Water-washed diseases

Conjunctivitis

Hookworm (Ankylostoma)

Leprosy

Scabies

Skin sepsis and ulcers

Trihcuriasis

Whipworm (Enterobius)

Ya w s

Lack of adequate quantity of uncontaminated water, and poor personal hygiene

create conditions favorable for their spread

Water-based diseases

Bilharziosis

Dracunculosis

Oncholersosis

Philariosis

Schistosomiasis

Treadworm

Diseases caused by infecting agents by contact with or without ingestion of

water. An essential part of the life cycle of the infection agent takes place in

an aquatic animal

Fecal-disposal diseases

Clonorchiasis

Diphyllobothriasis

Fasciolopsiasis

Paragonimiasis

Diseases caused by infecting agent mostly contracted by eating uncooked fish

and other food

Water-related vectors

Arbovirus

Bancroftian

Dengue fever

Encephalitis

Filariasis

Hemorrhagic fever

Malaria

Diseases transmitted by insects which live and breed close to water. Infections

are spread by mosquitoes, flies, and insect bite

Adapted in part from Ref. 11.

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