92 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
TABLE 12 (continued)
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1940 through 1994 (thousand short tons) )Source Category (^19401950196019701980199019931994)
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 3,996 6,954 7,211 5,832 1,846 374 377 390
Agriculture, Food, and Kindred Products 784 696 691 485 402 30 31 32
Wood, Pulp and Paper, and Publishing Products 511 798 958 727 183 104 107 111
sulfate (kraft) pulping 470 729 886 668 142 69 71 73
Mineral Products 2,701 5,460 5,563 4,620 1,261 212 211 220
cement mfg 1,363 1,998 2,014 1,731 417 32 33 35
surface mining 62 108 140 134 127 17 17 17
stone quarrying/processing 482 663 1,039 957 421 84 80 83
SOLVENT UTILIZATION NA NA NA NA NA 2 2 2
STORAGE and TRANSPORT NA NA NA NA NA 57 57 59
WASTE DISPOSAL and RECYCLING 392 505 764 999 273 242 248 250
ON-ROAD VEHICLES 210 314 554 443 397 357 321 311
Diesels NA 9 15 136 208 250 215 206
NON-ROAD SOURCES 2,480 1,788 201 223 329 372 395 411
Railroads 2,464 1,742 110 25 37 47 48 48
NATURAL SOURCES-wind erosion NA NA NA NA NA 4,362 1,978 2,593
MISCELLANEOUS 2,968 1,934 1,244 839 852 36,267 37,905 40,150
Agriculture and Forestry NA NA NA NA NA 7,364 7,231 7,121
agricultural crops NA NA NA NA NA 6,983 6,837 6,716
agricultural livestock NA NA NA NA NA 381 394 405
Other Combustion 2,968 1,934 1,244 839 852 1,178 743 1,017
wildfires 2,179 1,063 428 385 514 590 152 424
managed burning 591 662 606 390 315 529 532 535
Fugitive Dust NA NA NA NA NA 27,725 29,930 32,012
unpaved roads NA NA NA NA NA 11,338 12,482 12,883
paved roads NA NA NA NA NA 5,992 6,095 6,358
other NA NA NA NA NA 10,396 11,353 12,771
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 15,956 17,133 15,558 13,044 7,050 43,333 42,548 45,431
Note(s): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1994 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are shaded.
Part 1. Pollutant Emissions (continued)
Pollutant types Sources and abundance Abatement and control
C. PARTICULATES: Particulates are dispersed solid
or liquid matter in which the industrial aggregates are
larger than single small molecules (about 0.0002
microns in diameter) but smaller than 500 microns.
Particulates in the atmosphere range from about 0.1
microns to 10 microns. In general, the smaller
particles are quite abundant while the larger particles
exist in the atmosphere in very low concentrations.
Particulates can remain airborne from a few seconds
to several months.
Typically, the particulate pollutant category is made
up of the products of incomplete fuel combustion,
metals, large ions or salts, mists, fumes fugitive
dusts and various other solid or liquid particles, for
example, acid mist.
Small particulates can cause lung irritation and reduce
respiratory efficiency by inhibiting the transport of
Sources due to the activities of man include
factories such as kraft pulp paper mills, steel
mills, and power plants. Mobile sources
include the incomplete combustion of fuel in
the internal combustion engine, primarily the
diesel engine. In many rural areas the wood-
burning stove has made a large contribution
to airborne particulates.
This category includes some compounds which
are gaseous while contained, but which
condense when they enter into the
atmosphere. Included are: aerosols (solids
and liquids of microscopic size which are
dissolved in gas, forming smoke, fog or
mist), large particles and dust, soot (carbon
particles impregnated with tar), oil and
grease.
Stationary Sources:
a) Use of air cleaning techniques and
devices by industry and power plants
to remove particulate:
— Inertial separations or
gravitational settling chambers.
— Cyclones.
— Baghouses and fabric filters.
— Electrostatic precipitators.
— Scrubbers and venturi scrubbers.
b) Control of construction and
demolition in the grading of earth,
paving roads and parking lots, sand
blasting, spray-painting. Techniques
include hooding and venting, to air
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